Unusual and Unique Presentations

Question 1

cause of feline acne

Answer 1

most commonly idiopathic;

has been associated with malassezia, dermatophytosis, demodex and bacteria

Question 2

early lesions of feline acne

Answer 2

black follicular casts and comedones on the chin and lower lip

Question 3

at what stage may the lesions of feline acne bother the cat

Answer 3

when they progress to papules and folliculitis

Question 4

severe feline acne may be painful and pruritic with lesions such as

Answer 4

chronically dilated follicular cysts, draining tracts and furunculosis

Question 5

diagnosis of feline acne

Answer 5

clinical signs

Question 6

if feline acne is severe, what further tests should be done

Answer 6

cytology, skin scraping and fungal culture

Question 7

treatment of feline acne

Answer 7

not needed in mild cases;
severe cases – clipping and warm packs, oral antibiotics for secondary infection, mupirocin cream, regular cleaning, change food bowls to metal or ceramic ones

Question 8

what is acral lick dermatitis

Answer 8

canine dermatological condition that results from an urge to lick the distal cranial portion of a leg producing a thickened, firm oval plaque

Question 9

what type of dog is acral lick dermatitis most common in

Answer 9

large breed, active dogs

Question 10

cause of acral lick dermatitis

Answer 10

psychogenic can be a cause but you must rule out:

bacterial or fungal disease, demodicosis, previous trauma causing nerve injury, allergic dermatitis and underlying orthopedic disease as other possible causes

Question 11

diagnosis of acral lick dermatitis

Answer 11

clinical exam and history;

skin scrapings, cytology and fungal culture can be used to look for primary factors or secondary infections

Question 12

definitive diagnosis of acral lick dermatitis

Answer 12

histopathology — doesn’t usually reveal underlying cause though

Question 13

treatment of acral lick dermatitis

Answer 13

oral antibiotics (since normally secondarily infected);

elizabethan collar, behavior modification, antidepresants (clomicalm), intralesional steroid injections, topical products (DMSO with corticosteroids), surgical removal and acupuncture

Question 14

lesions of cutaneous vasculitis

Answer 14

most common is ulceration — seen in extremeties

Question 15

what concurrent diseases can vasculitis be seen with

Answer 15

infections, food hypersensitivity, insect bites and neoplasia

Question 16

what are some precipitating factors for vasculitis

Answer 16

vaccines, infections and drugs

Question 17

50% of vasculitis is caused by

Answer 17

idiopathic!

Question 18

which breed has some familial vasculitis

Answer 18

jack russell terriers

Question 19

diagnosis of vasculitis

Answer 19

histopathology

Question 20

treatment of vasculitis

Answer 20

correct underlying cause and immunomodulatory drug treatment

Question 21

why is immunomodulatory drug therapy a recommended treatment for vasculitis

Answer 21

mechanism of vasculitis is thought to involve a type 3 hypersensitivity

Question 22

what can be used to treat mild vasculitis

Answer 22

pentoxifylline

Question 23

what drugs are more useful in severe vasculitis cases

Answer 23

corticosteroids, tetracycline and niacinamide, cyclosporine

Question 24

what are perianal fistulae

Answer 24

chronic inflammatory lesions characterized by draining tracts around the anus of dogs

Question 25

3 characteristics of perianal fistulae lesions

Answer 25

painful, malodorous and ulcerative

Question 26

2 breeds predisposed to perianal fistulae and the age affected

Answer 26

german shepherds and irish setters; over 5 years old

Question 27

diagnosis of perianal fistula

Answer 27

clinical signs

Question 28

treatment of perianal fistula

Answer 28

cyclosporine; antibiotics for secondary infection some clinicians may combine with ketoconazole to lower dose of cyclosporine--- remember adverse effects

Question 29

what body part does symmetrical lupoid onychodystrophy affect

Answer 29

multiple claws in dogs

Question 30

typical history of SLO

Answer 30

single abnormal claw that sloughs and becomes painful -- within 2-8 weeks all the claws do this

Question 31

what do claws that regrow after SLO look like

Answer 31

short, misshapen, dry, brittle, soft, discolored

Question 32

diagnosis of SLO

Answer 32

clinical signs and histopathology

Question 33

how is histopathology done for SLO

Answer 33

amputation of distal phalanx (P3) from which nail is abnormal but still intact

Question 34

treatment of SLO

Answer 34

omega-3 and omega-6 FA; prednisone, tetracycline niacinamide, pentoxifylline, cyclosporine --- depending on severity

Question 35

if only one nail is affected, what do we suspect

Answer 35

probably not SLO; think about trauma or nailbed neoplasia (SCC, melanoma)

Question 36

if several adjacent nails and skin are affected, what do we suspect

Answer 36

onychomycosis (dermatophyte infection)

Question 37

what is juvenile cellulitis

Answer 37

an uncommon, granulomatous and pustular disorder of the face, ears and submandibular LN that occurs in puppies (3W-4M old)

Question 38

which breeds is juvenile cellulitis most common in

Answer 38

golden retrievers and daschunds

Question 39

presentation of juvenile cellulitis

Answer 39

facial swelling -- eyelids, lips and muzzle striking lymphadenopathy, pustules, fistulae and crusts

Question 40

diagnosis of juvenile cellulitis

Answer 40

biopsy

Question 41

treatment of juvenile cellulitis

Answer 41

large doses of corticosteroids