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parasitology > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What are helminths?

A

Helminths are parasite worms.

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2
Q

What can cause helminth infections?

A

Helminth infections can be caused by roundworms, flukes, or tapeworms.

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3
Q

How do helminths infect humans?

A

Helminths infect humans by ingesting eggs, ingesting larvae, or direct penetration of larvae through the skin.

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4
Q

What is worm burden?

A

Worm burden refers to the number of worms present in a host.

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5
Q

Can individuals with few adult worms be asymptomatic?

A

Yes, people with few adult worms may be asymptomatic.

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6
Q

What are nematodes?

A

Nematodes are a type of roundworm found worldwide, including the U.S.

female and male worms

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7
Q

How are nematodes transmitted to humans?

A

Nematodes are transmitted to humans by ingestion of eggs, penetration of skin via larvae, or through an insect vector.

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8
Q

How do adult worms survive in humans?

A

Adult worms absorb nutrients from partly digested intestinal contents or suck human blood, potentially causing nutrient deficiencies.

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9
Q

What is Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Enterobius vermicularis, or pinworm, is the most common parasite in the U.S., especially during summer months.

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10
Q

How is pinworm transmitted?

A

Pinworm is transmitted via oral-fecal route; very contagious.

specifically through pica

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11
Q

How is pinworm diagnosed?

A

Pinworm is diagnosed using a pinworm paddle, not stool culture.

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12
Q

What is the life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis?

A

The life cycle involves hatching eggs in the morning, itching, ingestion, maturation in the intestine, and laying eggs in the perianal area.

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13
Q

What is Trichuris trichiura?

A

Trichuris trichiura, or whipworm, is mainly found in dogs and is transmitted through infected warm soil.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of whipworm infection?

A

Symptoms depend on worm burden and can include rectal prolapse if untreated.

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15
Q

What is Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides is a large intestinal roundworm that can cause damage and blockage in the intestines.

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16
Q

What is the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

The life cycle includes swallowing eggs, hatching in the intestine, migrating to the lungs, and returning to the intestine.

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17
Q

What is Necator americanus?

A

Necator americanus, or New World hookworm, is known for its blood-sucking ability and can cause severe anemia.

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18
Q

How does Necator americanus infect humans?

A

It infects humans through the filariform stage that penetrates the skin.

goes directly to the blood vessels

also coughed up and swallowed

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19
Q

What is Strongyloides stercoralis?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis, or threadworm, is unique as it reproduces without a male worm.

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20
Q

What is the infective and diagnostic form of Strongyloides stercoralis?

A

The infective form is filariform, while the diagnostic form is rhabditiform.

21
Q

What is Trichinella spiralis?

A

Trichinella spiralis causes trichinosis and is contracted from eating undercooked game meat.

22
Q

What is Dracunculus medinensis?

A

Dracunculus medinensis, or guinea worm, is the largest adult nematode worm, reaching up to 3 feet long.

23
Q

How do humans get infected with Dracunculus medinensis?

A

Humans ingest larvae by drinking water contaminated with infected water fleas- copepods!!

24
Q

number of worms present are a result of how many

A

eggs/ larvae the human ingested

25
Q

infective and diagnostic form for Enterobius Vermicularis

A

eggs

26
Q

infective and diagnostic for trichuris trichiura

A

eggs

27
Q

what co-infects with Trichuris trichiura

A

ascaris

28
Q

what does egg look like for Trichuris trichiura

A

bipolar plugs

29
Q

what technique is used for Ascaris lumbrociodes

A

sedimentation due to size

30
Q

what do eggs look like in Ascaris lumbrociodes

A

mamillated/ corticated (bumpy) bile colored and thick wall

31
Q

due to large size what can Ascaris lumbrociodes do

A

wrap around intestines, appendix and cause blockages

causes secondary infections

32
Q

diagnostic and infective phase for Ascaris lumbrociodes

A

eggs

33
Q

what is the transmission called for Ascaris lumbrociodes

A

liver-lung migration

34
Q

diagnostic form of Necator americanus

A

egg

35
Q

infective form of Necator americanus

A

filariform stage

36
Q

what is Necator americanus known for

A

blood sucking ability and cause serve anemia

37
Q

what does Necator americanus produce

A

cutaneous larva migrans

travels underneath the skin

38
Q

what does Necator americanus mouth look like

A

long buccal cavity

39
Q

cycle of Stronglyloides stercoralis

A

Feet–Travel via blood to lungs and be coughed up

40
Q

what does mouth look like on Stronglyloides stercoralis

A

short buccal cavity

41
Q

how does Stronglyloides stercoralis increase worm borden

A

autoreinfection

42
Q

what is autoreinfection

A

transform from rhabditiform to filariform without ever leaving the human host

43
Q

what disease is serious for immunocompromised

A

Stronglyloides stercoralis because will not show symptoms until become immunocompromised

44
Q

smallest nematode worm

A

Trichinella spiralis

45
Q

humans ingest meat infected with larvae in the muscle which affects

A

straited muscle

46
Q

worm produced more larvae which infect striated muscle of human called

A

nurse cells

47
Q

what parasite diagnosed by serology or muscle biopsies

A

Trichinella spiralis

48
Q

cycle of Dracunculus medinensis

A

larve hatch into worms and move to subcutaneous tissues in extremities
-causes blisters and once ruptured, worms exit through these

DO NOT pull out worm, need pencil to wrap around

if breaks off causes secondary infections because not fully out

49
Q

how can Dracunculus medinensis be decreased

A

filter water with piece of cotton or gauze

parasitology (4 decks)

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