malaria Flashcards
why use a thick and thin smear
thick- prescence
thin- ID the organism
how should malaria samples be taken
6-18 hour interval for at least 3 days because malaria goes through cycles
best specimen
blood without anticoag
but EDTA is good also for retain some of the stippling
when you have malaria your lab results can look like
hemolytic anemia
what parasite is malaria caused by
plasmodium
bite of anopheles mosquito
how does the organism and human replicate with malaria
organism- sexual
human- asexual
how to diagnosis malaria
can be missed on automated counter
use smear
drug used to treat malaria
chloroquine
what form of malaria is injected from mosquito
Sporozoite
first travel to liver and than start asexual multiplication
known as exoerythrocytic cycle because not in RBC
life cycle in RBC
schizogony
cells in schizogeny
schizonts
liver cells rupture and release
merozoites
-these invade RBCs
feed on RBCs and become ringed formed
rings in RBCs called
trophozoites - most common form in RBC
once rings in RBCs enlarge and become known as
schizonts
trophozoites become bigger and bigger and ____- ____
break open and resemble amoeba
-they will regroup and become merozoites again and cause RBC to rupture and seek new RBC
merozoites will do 1 of 2 things
infect other new RBCs
form gametocytes
female gametocytes called
macrogametocytes
male gametocytes called
microgametocytes
infect female may now come and bite you and take up
gametocytes and start their cycle of secual reprodctuion in mosquito
cycle of fever and chills known
paroxysms
before donating blood people need to complete a
questionnaire
deferral for returning from endemic place
12 month
if you live more than 5 years in endemic area how long is referral
3 years
most common plasmodium
vivax
episodes of fever and chills every 48 hours
tertian life cycle
what RBCs so vivax infect
only younger RBCs including retics
what phase is most often seen for vivax in smear
trophozoite
- only 1 troph
seen in vivax cells
1 nuclei
schaffner dots
12-24 merozoites
unique characteristics for ovale
look more oval
RBc appear frimbinated- fringes
-less merozoites normally 6-12
also but similar to vivax
-1 troph
enlarge RBC’s
schuffner dots
tertian cycle
plasmodium malarie
infect older cells
do not change shape
quartan cycle
NO schuffner dots
may have low grade parasitemia for years before being diagnosed
unique characteristics of malarie
quartan cycle
No schuffner dots
band formation
usually 6-12 merozoites - pinwheel
what is quarten cycle
72 hours
most virulent form of plasmodium
falciparum
what coinfects with vivax
falciparum
how kind of RBCs does falciparum infect
all ages
so highest parasitemia and severe anemia
what disease does falciparum cause
blackwater fever
-due to fact that urine of often black because of Hgb lysed from RBCs
are schnuffer dots seen in falciiparum
no, mauer dots are -larger
characteristics seen in falciparum RBCs
mauer dots
double rings/ two trophs
applique forms - laying along side
gametocyte
applique
open trophs laying along side of the RBC
for falciparum infections what stages will be seen in smear
trophozoite and gametocyte
-shouldn’t see stages of schizogony, if you do BAD
what plasmodium secretes sticky substance and blood can’t flow and might need amputation
falciparum
for falciparum what is in the immunoassay
monoclonal antibody directed against histidine-rick protein 2
babesia microti
ticks
co-infect borrelia
seen in nantucket, etc
similar life cycle to malaria
how does babesia look in smear
tetrads formation because in pairs
called maltese cross
can be misidentified as falciparum
DIAGNOSED serology
hemoflagellates require a
arthropod
-found in blood
T.Rhodesinse and T. Gambiense
Both seen in Africa
Transmitted through tsetse fly
Form seen in the blood called the trypomastigote form - does not invade RBC!!!
t.cruzi
chagas disease
concern in blood supply
how is t.cruzi transmitted
bite of reduviid bug
-deposit feces in skin
-itch and itches it into blood stream
known as kissing bug
t.cruzi
-bite around mouth at night
acute stage form in the blood for cruzi
tryomastigote
then invades tissues and found in amastigote form
diagnose cruzi by
zenodiagnosis or blood smear
can be sero negative
in chronic stage undetectable
transmitted through bite of female sandfly of phlebotomus
leishmania
3 forms of leishmania
cutaneous
micocutaneous
visceral
-found in warmer climate
how to diganosis leishmania
buffy coat
-may be trypomastigote in smear
use what to reply flies in leishmania
DEET
what form of leishmania is a concern in U.S
L.tropica
