Untitled Deck Flashcards
What are the main components of blood plasma?
Plasma consists of 90% water, proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, and waste products.
What is the function of blood plasma?
It transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products and maintains blood pressure and volume.
Describe the structure and function of RBCs.
RBCs are biconcave discs without nuclei, containing hemoglobin for oxygen transport and carbon dioxide removal.
Name the granulocytes and their functions.
Neutrophils: Fight bacterial infections through phagocytosis.
Eosinophils: Combat parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
Basophils: Release histamine in allergic and inflammatory responses.
Describe the types of agranulocytes.
Lymphocytes (T, B, NK): T cells mediate cell immunity, B cells produce antibodies, and NK cells destroy abnormal cells.
Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells for phagocytosis.
What is the function of platelets in hemostasis?
Platelets form a plug at injury sites and release chemicals to promote blood clotting.
What blood type is the universal donor?
Type O-negative.
What blood type is the universal recipient?
Type AB-positive.
What is the significance of the Rh antigen in hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rh-negative mothers with Rh-positive fetuses can produce antibodies that attack fetal RBCs, causing hemolytic disease.
What are the layers of the heart wall?
Endocardium (inner), myocardium (muscular middle), and epicardium (outer layer).
Name the four heart chambers.
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
Describe blood flow through the heart.
Blood enters the right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body.
Name the heart valves and their functions.
Tricuspid: Between right atrium and ventricle.
Pulmonary: Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
Mitral: Between left atrium and ventricle.
Aortic: Between left ventricle and aorta.
What are the main pacemakers?
SA node: Primary pacemaker.
AV node: Delays impulses.
Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers: Conduct impulses.
What are the layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima (inner), tunica media (muscular), tunica externa (outer).
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus (T-cell maturation) and bone marrow (B-cell production).
Name the secondary lymphoid organs.
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and MALT (e.g., Peyer’s patches).
What is the role of lymphatic vessels?
Transport lymph from tissues to the bloodstream.
What do the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct do?
The right duct drains the upper right body, while the thoracic duct drains the rest.
Distinguish between cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
T-cells handle cell-mediated immunity. B-cells and plasma cells produce antibodies for humoral immunity.
