Chapter 5 Osseous Flashcards
What are the five main functions of the skeletal system?
Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, and leverage.
Name the four types of bone cells and briefly describe their functions.
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.
Osteoblasts: Cells that produce new bone matrix (bone formation).
Osteoclasts: Cells that break down bone matrix (bone resorption).
Osteogenic Cells: Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and support. Spongy bone is lighter, less dense, and found inside bones, providing structural support and housing bone marrow.
Describe the two main types of ossification.
Intramembranous Ossification: Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue (e.g., flat bones of the skull).
Endochondral Ossification: Bone forms by replacing a hyaline cartilage model (e.g., long bones).
What is the role of the periosteum in bone structure?
The periosteum is a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds bones, providing nourishment, a surface for muscle attachment, and aiding in bone repair and growth.
How does bone remodeling occur, and why is it important?
Bone remodeling is the continuous process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. It is important for maintaining bone strength, repairing micro-damage, and regulating calcium levels in the body.
What are the two types of bone growth, and where do they occur?
Appositional Growth: Increases bone thickness and occurs on the bone surface.
Longitudinal Growth: Increases bone length and occurs at the epiphyseal plates.
What is osteoporosis, and what causes it?
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones due to an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, often caused by aging, hormonal changes, or insufficient calcium intake.
During bone fracture healing, what are the four main steps involved?
- Hematoma Formation: Blood clot forms at the fracture site.
- Callus Formation: A soft callus forms, followed by a hard bony callus.
- Spongy Bone Formation: Spongy bone replaces the callus.
- Bone Remodeling: Bone is reshaped and strengthened over time.
What are the two minerals primarily stored in bone, and why are they important?
Calcium and phosphate. They are essential for bone strength, muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and other physiological processes.
