Untitled Deck

Question 1

Cliff

Answer 1

Steep/sloping rock; profile varies by geology and topography.

Question 2

Wave-Cut Notch

Answer 2

Knick-point around high-water mark, undercut by wave action.

Question 3

Wave-Cut Platform

Answer 3

Flat area left after cliff retreats; formed by erosion.

Question 4

Cliff Retreat Process

Answer 4

1. Undercutting forms notch 2. Cliff collapses 3. Backwash removes debris 4. Platform forms.

Question 5

Factors Affecting Cliff Angle

Answer 5

1. Geology 2. Wave energy (high-energy = steep, low-energy = gentle).

Question 6

Headlands and Bays

Answer 6

Form on discordant coastlines with alternating hard/soft rock.

Question 7

Bay

Answer 7

Erosion of soft rock; wide entrance; semi-circular shape; lower land.

Question 8

Headland

Answer 8

Hard rock; protrudes into sea; cliffs; longer than wide.

Question 9

Caves

Answer 9

Arches

Question 10

Wave Refraction

Answer 10

Waves bend around headlands; erosion concentrated on sides.

Question 11

Beach

Answer 11

Sheltered areas (e.g., bays); formed by deposition from constructive waves.

Question 12

Beach Formation

Answer 12

1. Constructive swash stronger than backwash 2. Deposition occurs 3. Sand dunes may form inland.

Question 13

Spit

Answer 13

Sand/shingle extending from shore into sea; may have hooked end.

Question 14

Spit Formation

Answer 14

1. Longshore drift deposits sediment 2. Coastline change traps sediment 3. Builds to sea level 4. Sheltered areas form mudflats/salt marshes.

Question 15

Bar

Answer 15

Spit joins two headlands, forming sandbar; may create lagoon.

Question 16

Barrier Island

Answer 16

Sand parallel to coast; open at one or both ends.

Question 17

Tombolo

Answer 17

Spit joins mainland to island; e.g., Chesil Beach.

Question 18

Sand Dune Formation

Answer 18

1. Wind traps sand 2. Dunes grow with trapped sand 3. Vegetation stabilizes dunes.

Question 19

Embryo Dunes

Answer 19

Formed by debris trapping sand; colonized by pioneer plants; fragile, max 1m.

Question 20

Fore Dunes

Answer 20

Protected by embryo dunes; stabilized by Marram Grass; max height 5m.

Question 21

Yellow Dunes

Answer 21

More organic material; dominated by Marram Grass; max height 8m.

Question 22

Grey Dunes

Answer 22

Stable; low exposed sand; shrubs appear; height 8-10m.

Question 23

Mature Dunes

Answer 23

Oldest, most stable; support climax vegetation (e.g., oak trees).

Question 24

Cliff Erosion Processes

Answer 24

1. Abrasion 2. Corrosion 3. Hydraulic action.

Question 25

Cliff Collapse Causes

Answer 25

1. Undercutting 2. Unsupported cliff collapses.

Question 26

Coastal Landforms Types

Answer 26

1. Erosional: Cliffs, headlands, bays 2. Depositional: Beaches, spits, bars, dunes.

Question 27

Wave Erosion Effects

Answer 27

1. Undercutting cliffs 2. Forming notches, caves, arches.

Question 28

Exam Tip: Diagrams

Answer 28

Practice drawing erosional/depositional landforms; annotate accurately.

Question 29

Exam Tip: Attrition

Answer 29

Not involved in cave/arch/stack formation; smooths rocks instead.

Question 30

Coastal Dune Succession

Answer 30

Embryo > Fore > Yellow > Grey > Mature dunes; climax vegetation forms last.

Question 31

Sand Dune Plant Adaptations

Answer 31

1. Cope with salinity 2. Drain quickly 3. Tolerate wind.

Question 32

Lagoon

Answer 32

Body of water cut off by bar or tombolo; may fill with sediment.

Question 33

Key Erosional Processes

Answer 33

1. Abrasion 2. Hydraulic action 3. Corrosion.

Question 34

Wave Cut Platform Formation

Answer 34

1. Erosion at cliff base 2. Cliff collapse 3. Retreat leaves platform.

Question 35

Headland Erosion Focus

Answer 35

Concentrated by wave refraction; forms caves, arches.

Question 36

Deposition Factors

Answer 36

1. Wave energy 2. Friction 3. Sheltered areas.

Question 37

Longshore Drift

Answer 37

Moves sediment along coast, forming spits, bars.