Flashcards

Question 1

Primary Hazards of Earthquakes

Answer 1

Ground Shaking

Surface rupture

Question 2

Secondary Hazards of Earthquakes

Answer 2

Liquefaction

Landslides

Tsunami

Fires

Question 3

Primary Hazards of Volcanic Eruptions

Answer 3

Pyroclastic flow

Lava flow

Volcanic Bombs

Lahars (mudflow)

Earthquakes

Direct ashfall

Question 4

Secondary Hazards of Volcanic Eruptions

Answer 4

Landslides

Tsunami

Acid rain

Ash fallout from the atmosphere

Question 5

Q: What human factors affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 5

A: Building construction and design, building density, population density, and preparation.

Question 6

Q: How does building construction and design affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 6

Poorly constructed buildings with poor-quality building materials are more likely to collapse. Higher buildings amplify the shockwaves and are more likely to collapse.

Question 7

Q: How does building density affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 7

A: Where buildings are close together, they are more likely to damage or destroy other buildings if they fall.

Question 8

Q: How does population density affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 8

A: The higher the density population, the more people are likely to be injured or killed.

Question 9

Q: How does preparation affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 9

A: Earthquake drills can reduce the impact.

Question 10

Q: What physical factors affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 10

A: Magnitude, geology, distance from the epicentre, and depth.

Question 11

Q: How does magnitude affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 11

A: The amount of energy released by the earthquake. Usually, the higher the magnitude, the greater the impact.

Question 12

Q: How does geology affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 12

A: Some rocks are more prone to liquefaction; others provide stronger foundations for buildings.

Question 13

Q: How does distance from the epicentre affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 13

A: The closer somewhere is to the epicentre, the stronger the shock waves will be.

Question 14

Q: How does depth affect earthquake impacts?

Answer 14

A: Shallower earthquakes mean less energy is absorbed by the crust before the shockwaves reach the surface.

Question 15

Q: What human factors affect volcano impacts?

Answer 15

A: Proximity of population and planning and preparation.

Question 16

Q: How does proximity of population affect volcano impacts?

Answer 16

A: The nearer people are to the volcano, the more likely they are to be affected by lava flow and ash.

Question 17

Q: How does planning and preparation affect volcano impacts?

Answer 17

A: Where authorities have planned exclusion zones and evacuation plans, the impact may be reduced.

Question 18

Q: What physical factors affect volcano impacts?

Answer 18

A: Magnitude, type of volcano, and amount of ash ejected into the atmosphere.

Question 19

Q: How does magnitude affect volcano impacts?

Answer 19

A: The size and strength of the eruption. Usually, the higher the magnitude, the greater the impact.

Question 20

Q: How does the type of volcano affect volcano impacts?

Answer 20

A: Composite (strato-volcanoes) tend to be more explosive and less predictable than shield volcanoes.

Question 21

Q: How does the amount of ash ejected into the atmosphere affect volcano impacts?

Answer 21

A: Ash in the atmosphere can impact areas 100s km away and can affect the global climate.

Question 22

Q: What are the effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

Answer 22

A: Loss of life and injury, collapse or destruction of buildings, damage to the transport network, loss of jobs and businesses, loss of crops, damage to power and water supply, damage to the environment, and closure of airports.

Question 23

Q: How do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions cause loss of life and injury?

Answer 23

A: This may be immediate through falling buildings or ash fall. Alternatively, it may be in the days and weeks after the event due to unclean water or disease.

Question 24

Q: How do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions affect buildings?

Answer 24

A: Collapse or destruction of buildings leads to people being homeless for months and even years after the event.

Question 25

Q: How do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions affect transport networks?

Answer 25

A: Roads, bridges, and railways may be damaged or destroyed. This can impact the speed at which aid can get to affected areas.

Question 26

Q: How do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions affect jobs and businesses?

Answer 26

A: Loss of jobs and businesses impacts the economy when factories and offices are destroyed or damaged.

Question 27

Q: How do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions affect crops?

Answer 27

A: Loss of crops leads to food shortages and affects farmers’ income.

Question 28

Q: How do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions affect power and water supplies?

Answer 28

A: Power and water supply damage affects the supply of clean water and electricity.

Question 29

Q: How do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions damage the environment?

Answer 29

A: They cause loss of vegetation and habitats and may affect the climate due to ash in the atmosphere.

Question 30

Q: How do volcanic eruptions affect airports?

Answer 30

A: Closure of airports occurs because it is dangerous for jet planes to fly through ash clouds due to possible engine failure, so flights are cancelled.

Question 31

Q: How many people are estimated to live in tectonically active areas by 2025?

Answer 31

A: It is estimated that 600 million people will live in tectonically active areas by 2025.

Question 32

Q: What are the hazards of living in areas vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

Answer 32

A: There are many hazards associated with living in areas vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, as outlined in the previous section.

Question 33

Q: What are the opportunities associated with living near volcanoes?

Answer 33

A: Fertile soil, tourism, minerals and precious stones, geothermal energy, and creating a new land area.

Question 34

Q: How does fertile soil provide an opportunity near volcanoes?

Answer 34

A: The ash and cooled lava contain many minerals, which lead to high crop yields.

Question 35

Q: How does tourism provide an opportunity near volcanoes?

Answer 35

A: Many people want to visit areas where there are active volcanoes; this increases the number of jobs available.

Question 36

Q: How do minerals and precious stones provide an opportunity near volcanoes?

Answer 36

A: These can be mined and sold, providing work for local people.

Question 37

Q: How does geothermal energy provide an opportunity near volcanoes?

Answer 37

A: As the magma is closer to the surface, the heat can be used to generate geothermal energy.

Question 38

Q: How does creating a new land area provide an opportunity near volcanoes?

Answer 38

A: Once the lava and ash have cooled, new land is formed.

Question 39

Q: What are the opportunities for living in earthquake zones?

Answer 39

A: Building regulations and infrastructure, community preparedness, research and innovation, and natural beauty.

Question 40

Q: How do building regulations and infrastructure provide an opportunity in earthquake zones?

Answer 40

A: Areas have stricter building regulations to ensure that construction can withstand seismic activity. This can lead to stronger and more resilient buildings and infrastructure.

Question 41

Q: How does community preparedness provide an opportunity in earthquake zones?

Answer 41

A: Residents in earthquake-prone areas tend to be more prepared for natural disasters. This can result in a more resilient and united community that is better equipped to respond to emergencies.

Question 42

Q: How does research and innovation provide an opportunity in earthquake zones?

Answer 42

A: Earthquake-prone areas attract researchers and engineers focused on developing technology and techniques for earthquake prediction, early warning systems, and building strength. This can lead to improvements in earthquake science and engineering that benefit everyone living in active regions.

Question 43

Q: How does natural beauty provide an opportunity in earthquake zones?

Answer 43

A: Some people find the scenery, geological formations, and outdoor leisure opportunities of earthquake-prone areas attractive to live and work in.

Question 44

Q: Why are some earthquake-prone areas attractive for living and working?

Answer 44

A: Some earthquake-prone areas are close to the coast where the climate is good and fishing and farming are easy, such as the San Francisco Bay area.

Question 46

What are the two types of responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

Answer 46

The responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can be short-term or long-term.

Question 47

What are short-term responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

Answer 47

Short-term responses are those which happen straight after an event and include aid and disaster relief.

Question 48

What are long-term responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

Answer 48

Long-term responses aim to reduce the impact of future hazard events and include risk assessments and hazard mapping.

Question 49

What are long-term responses to earthquakes?

Answer 49

Accurate prediction of earthquakes is not currently possible, but monitoring is.

Question 50

What methods are used to monitor earthquakes?

Answer 50

Tiltmeters - which monitor ground changes; clusters of small earthquakes; changes in radon gas emissions; changes in animal behaviour; remote sensing of ground movement using satellites.

Question 51

How do developed countries reduce earthquake impacts through building design?

Answer 51

Building regulations and codes require new buildings to include earthquake-resistant features, including: shutters on windows to prevent falling glass, cross-bracing or diagonal bracing of steel frames, flexible building materials, foundations sunk deep into the bedrock, frames which sway with the earthquake tremors, rubber shock absorbers to reduce tremors moving through the building, reinforced walls/pillars with concrete, shatterproof/reinforced glass, fire-resistant materials, and automatic cut-off for gas/electricity.

Question 52

What is the purpose of earthquake drills?

Answer 52

In many countries, earthquake drills are regularly carried out to help people prepare for what to do in an earthquake to protect themselves.

Question 53

How does education help reduce earthquake impacts?

Answer 53

Education about how to prepare homes means that people are less likely to be injured by falling objects and furniture.

Question 54

What are some long-term responses to both earthquakes and volcanoes?

Answer 54

There are some examples of planning which are used in both areas vulnerable to earthquakes and those vulnerable to volcanic eruptions.

Question 55

What is remote sensing and how is it used in vulnerable areas?

Answer 55

Remote sensing of the Earth’s surface by satellites such as Sentinel 1 provides data about changes in ground movement.

Question 56

What is GIS and how is it used in vulnerable areas?

Answer 56

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides layers of data such as vulnerable areas, land use, and infrastructure such as roads. GIS data is then used to assist with land use planning.

Question 57

What is land use planning and how does it reduce impacts?

Answer 57

Mapping of areas most at risk from earthquakes ensures that valuable services such as the fire service and hospitals are not built in high-risk areas. Densely populated housing can be located away from high-risk areas.