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Real geo > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary hazards of earthquakes?

A

Ground Shaking
​
Surface rupture

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2
Q

What are the secondary hazards of earthquakes?

A

Liquefaction

Landslides

Tsunami

Fires

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3
Q

What are the primary hazards of volcanic eruptions?

A

Pyroclastic flow

Lava flow

Volcanic Bombs

Lahars (mudflow)

Earthquakes

Direct ashfall

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4
Q

What are the secondary hazards of volcanic eruptions?

A

Landslides

Tsunami

Acid rain

Ash fallout from the atmosphere

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5
Q

What human factors affect the impacts of earthquakes?

A

Building construction, building density, population density, preparation

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6
Q

How does building construction affect earthquake impacts?

A

Poor-quality materials and design lead to collapses

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7
Q

What is the impact of building density on earthquake damage?

A

High density can cause cascading building damage

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8
Q

How does population density influence earthquake impacts?

A

Higher density increases injury and death risks

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9
Q

What preparation can reduce earthquake impacts?

A

Earthquake drills

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10
Q

What physical factors affect earthquake impacts?

A

Magnitude, geology, distance from epicentre, depth

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11
Q

How does the magnitude of an earthquake influence its impact?

A

Higher magnitude typically means greater impact

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12
Q

What geological conditions worsen earthquake impacts?

A

Liquefaction-prone rocks

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13
Q

How does distance from the epicentre affect earthquake impact?

A

Closer areas experience stronger shockwaves

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14
Q

What is the effect of earthquake depth on impacts?

A

Shallower earthquakes transfer more energy to the surface

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15
Q

What human factors affect the impacts of volcanic eruptions?

A

Proximity of population, planning and preparation

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16
Q

How does population proximity to a volcano affect impact?

A

Closer populations are more affected by lava and ash

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17
Q

What planning measures reduce volcanic eruption impacts?

A

Exclusion zones and evacuation plans

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18
Q

What physical factors affect the impacts of volcanic eruptions?

A

Magnitude, type of volcano, ash ejection

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19
Q

How does eruption magnitude influence volcanic impacts?

A

Higher magnitude leads to stronger effects

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20
Q

What is the difference between composite and shield volcanoes?

A

Composite volcanoes are more explosive and less predictable

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21
Q

What is the effect of ash ejected into the atmosphere?

A

It can affect areas far away and impact global climate

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22
Q

What are the shared impacts of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

A

Loss of life, injury, destruction of buildings, damaged transport networks, job losses, crop loss

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23
Q

What is the impact of building collapse due to earthquakes or eruptions?

A

People are left homeless for long periods

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24
Q

How do natural disasters impact transport networks?

A

Damage to roads, bridges, railways slows aid delivery

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25
Q

What is the economic impact of natural disasters?

A

Job losses and damaged businesses

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26
Q

How do natural disasters affect agriculture?

A

Crop loss leads to food shortages

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27
Q

What is the impact on utilities from natural disasters?

A

Damage to power and water supply

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28
Q

How do natural disasters affect the environment?

A

Loss of vegetation, habitat damage, climate effects from ash

29
Q

Why are airports often closed during volcanic eruptions?

A

Ash clouds risk jet engine failure

30
Q

How many people are estimated to live in tectonically active areas by 2025?

A

600 million

31
Q

What are the hazards of living near earthquakes and volcanoes?

A

Property damage, injury, disruption to daily life

32
Q

What are the opportunities of living near volcanoes?

A

Fertile soil, tourism, minerals and precious stones, geothermal energy, creating new land

33
Q

Why does volcanic ash and cooled lava create fertile soil?

A

They contain many minerals, leading to high crop yields

34
Q

How does tourism provide opportunities near volcanoes?

A

Active volcanoes attract visitors, increasing job availability

35
Q

What is the opportunity provided by mining near volcanoes?

A

Minerals and precious stones can be mined and sold, providing work

36
Q

Why do volcanoes offer potential for geothermal energy?

A

Magma close to the surface can generate heat for energy

37
Q

How is new land created near volcanoes?

A

Lava and ash cool and solidify to form new land

38
Q

What are the opportunities of living in earthquake-prone areas?

A

Building regulations and infrastructure, community preparedness, research and innovation, natural beauty

39
Q

How do building regulations improve life in earthquake-prone areas?

A

Stricter regulations lead to stronger, more resilient buildings

40
Q

Why are communities in earthquake zones more prepared?

A

They are more resilient and united, better equipped for emergencies

41
Q

What research opportunities exist in earthquake-prone areas?

A

Developing technology for earthquake prediction, warning systems, and building strength

42
Q

Why is natural beauty an opportunity in earthquake-prone areas?

A

Scenery, geological formations, and outdoor leisure attract people

43
Q

What are examples of benefits in earthquake-prone coastal areas?

A

Good climate, fishing, farming, such as the San Francisco Bay area

44
Q

Why might some people have little choice but to live in earthquake zones?

A

Limited money despite the risk of property damage, injury, and disruption

45
Q

What are the two types of responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

A

Short-term and long-term

46
Q

What are short-term responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

A

Aid and disaster relief

47
Q

What are long-term responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

A

Risk assessments and hazard mapping

48
Q

Is accurate prediction of earthquakes currently possible?

A

No, but monitoring is

49
Q

What are methods used to monitor earthquakes for research?

A

Tiltmeters, clusters of small earthquakes, changes in radon gas emissions, changes in animal behaviour, remote sensing of ground movement using satellites

50
Q

What are examples of earthquake-resistant building features?

A

Shutters on windows, cross-bracing, flexible materials, deep foundations, swayable frames, rubber shock absorbers, reinforced walls, shatterproof glass, fire-resistant materials, automatic gas/electricity cut-offs

51
Q

What is the purpose of earthquake drills?

A

To prepare people for protecting themselves during an earthquake

52
Q

How does education reduce the impacts of earthquakes?

A

It teaches how to prepare homes to prevent injuries from falling objects

53
Q

What is the role of remote sensing in reducing impacts of hazards?

A

Monitors ground movement and provides data for planning

54
Q

What data layers do Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide?

A

Vulnerable areas, land use, infrastructure such as roads

55
Q

How is GIS data used in hazard-prone areas?

A

To assist with land use planning

56
Q

What is the goal of land use planning in high-risk areas?

A

To avoid placing valuable services like fire services and hospitals in high-risk zones

57
Q

Why should densely populated housing be located away from high-risk areas?

A

To reduce risk from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

58
Q

What are the two types of responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

A

The responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can be short-term or long-term.

59
Q

What are short-term responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

A

Short-term responses are those which happen straight after an event and include aid and disaster relief.

60
Q

What are long-term responses to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

A

Long-term responses aim to reduce the impact of future hazard events and include risk assessments and hazard mapping.

61
Q

What are long-term responses to earthquakes?

A

Accurate prediction of earthquakes is not currently possible, but monitoring is.

62
Q

What methods are used to monitor earthquakes?

A

Tiltmeters - which monitor ground changes; clusters of small earthquakes; changes in radon gas emissions; changes in animal behaviour; remote sensing of ground movement using satellites.

63
Q

How do developed countries reduce earthquake impacts through building design?

A

Building regulations and codes require new buildings to include earthquake-resistant features, including: shutters on windows to prevent falling glass, cross-bracing or diagonal bracing of steel frames, flexible building materials, foundations sunk deep into the bedrock, frames which sway with the earthquake tremors, rubber shock absorbers to reduce tremors moving through the building, reinforced walls/pillars with concrete, shatterproof/reinforced glass, fire-resistant materials, and automatic cut-off for gas/electricity.

64
Q

What is the purpose of earthquake drills?

A

In many countries, earthquake drills are regularly carried out to help people prepare for what to do in an earthquake to protect themselves.

65
Q

How does education help reduce earthquake impacts?

A

Education about how to prepare homes means that people are less likely to be injured by falling objects and furniture.

66
Q

What are some long-term responses to both earthquakes and volcanoes?

A

There are some examples of planning which are used in both areas vulnerable to earthquakes and those vulnerable to volcanic eruptions.

67
Q

What is remote sensing and how is it used in vulnerable areas?

A

Remote sensing of the Earth’s surface by satellites such as Sentinel 1 provides data about changes in ground movement.

68
Q

What is GIS and how is it used in vulnerable areas?

A

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides layers of data such as vulnerable areas, land use, and infrastructure such as roads. GIS data is then used to assist with land use planning.

69
Q

What is land use planning and how does it reduce impacts?

A

Mapping of areas most at risk from earthquakes ensures that valuable services such as the fire service and hospitals are not built in high-risk areas. Densely populated housing can be located away from high-risk areas.

Real geo (6 decks)

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