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Year 8 Science > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

Can you change the number of protons in an atom? Why?

A

Protons determine the atom’s element, so the number of protons can’t change or else the atom will change elements; the # of protons is fixed.

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2
Q

Define Atomic Mass Number.

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

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3
Q

Define Atomic Number.

A

It is the number of Protons that the element has, and is unique to each element.

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4
Q

Define Atomic Symbol.

A

It is a symbol unique to each element that represents the element.

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5
Q

Define Electron.

A

Negatively charged particles which have negligible mass. The number of Electrons is equal to the number of Protons in an atom.

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6
Q

Define Isotope.

A

Atoms of the same element but different mass numbers (different numbers of neutrons).

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7
Q

Define Metalloids.

A

Elements which can act as either a metal or non-metal under certain conditions.

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8
Q

Define Metals.

A

Elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity and are generally solid at room temperature. They are Ductile and Malleable.

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9
Q

Define Neutrons.

A

Particles which do not have a charge but do have mass. The number of neutrons is equal to the Atomic Mass Number - Atomic Number.

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10
Q

Define Non-Metals.

A

Elements which are generally NOT good conductors of heat and electricity. They are not Ductile or malleable, brittle, and can break easily.

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11
Q

Define Proton.

A

Positively charged particles which have mass. The number of Protons is equal to the Atomic Number.

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12
Q

Define Relative/Standard Atomic Mass.

A

The weighted arithmetic mean of the relative isotopic masses of all isotopes of that element weighted by each isotope’s abundance on Earth.

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13
Q

Define Valence Shell.

A

The outermost electron shell of the atom.

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14
Q

How do Bohr diagrams work? What do they represent?

A

Bohr Diagrams contain a central nucleus and show the electrons in their shells, alongside the shell/electron configuration below it.

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15
Q

How do electrons fill up their shells?

A

Electrons will always fill starting with the lowest energy level first.

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16
Q

How do you name an Isotope?

A

[Name of Element] - [Mass Number]

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17
Q

How do you name ionic compounds? Example?

A

The first element is the element that is most ‘left’ on the periodic table, and the second is pronounced with an -ide suffix.

Example: Sodium Chloride : NaCl

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18
Q

How is the Periodic Table organised?

A

According to the different properties of each element.

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19
Q

How to ‘rename’ an Ionic Bond between two Elements? E.g. Na and O.

A

Cross Multiplication: Put the Charge of one Ion as the subscript of the other, and repeat vice versa.

Na+ and O-2 Na20.

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20
Q

How to determine what isotope an atom is?

A

Atomic Mass # - Atomic # = Neutrons

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21
Q

What are Alkaline Earth Metals?

A

They appear shiny with a silvery-white appearance. They have 2 electrons in their valence shell.

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22
Q

What are Groups?

A

A column of elements in the periodic table. 8 numbered groups, with Noble Gases being 0.

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23
Q

What are Periods?

A

A row of chemical elements on the periodic table where all elements in a row have the same number of electron shells.

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24
Q

What are atoms made of, and what are they called?

A

Three types of subatomic particles: Electrons, Neutrons, and Protons.

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25
Q

What are atoms trying to do when bonding? Why?

A

They are trying to have a full valence shell through bonding; to be stable.

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26
Q

What are some of the properties that are shown on the Periodic Table?

A

Atomic Symbol, Atomic Number, and Atomic Mass.

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27
Q

What are the Alkali Metals?

A

The most reactive metal elements. They appear silvery and can be cut with a knife.

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28
Q

What are the Halogens?

A

Known as the most reactive non-metals. They all have 7 valence electrons in their outer shell.

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29
Q

What are the Noble Gases?

A

Known as the least reactive elements in the Periodic Table due to having a full valence shell of electrons.

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30
Q

What are the Rare Earth Metals?

A

The final group on the Periodic Table, naturally occurring, radioactive, found as solid at room temperature.

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31
Q

What are the Transition Metals?

A

Varying amount of valence electrons. Good conductors of heat and electricity.

32
Q

What are the names of the Groups in the Periodic Table?

A

Noble Gas, Halogens, Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Rare earth metals.

33
Q

What are the three types of elements?

A

Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloids.

34
Q

What does the Nucleus consist of?

A

The Proton and Neutron.

35
Q

What is the formula of the number of Electrons per shell? Who discovered this?

A

2n^2, where n = shell number.

Neil Bohr.

36
Q

What is the pattern for electron configurations for the first 20 electrons?

A

2, 8, 8, 2

37
Q

Where are the electrons placed in an atom?

A

In orbiting shells around the nucleus.

38
Q

Why do electrons orbit the nucleus?

A

Their negative charge attracts them towards the positive charges of the protons.

39
Q

Alkaline vs Base?

A

A base which can dissolve into water is called an alkaline solution.

40
Q

Define Acid.

A

A molecule or other substance which releases Hydrogen Ions when dissolved in a solution.

41
Q

Define Base.

A

A substance that releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in a solution.

42
Q

Define Indicator.

A

Substance which changes colour when added to an acidic or alkaline solution.

43
Q

Define Universal Indicator.

A

A chemical which changes into a wide range of colours when mixed with an acid or a base.

44
Q

Give some examples of Acids.

A

Foods, Cleaning Products, Digestion Fluids

45
Q

Give some examples of Bases.

A

Soaps, Cleaning Products, Foods

46
Q

How does the pH Scale work? What are its ranges?

A

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Acidic solutions have pH values below 7.

47
Q

If a solution is neither acidic nor alkaline…

A

it is neutral!

48
Q

The more H+ ions in a substance…

A

The more acidic the substance is.

49
Q

What are the properties of Acids?

A

Tastes Sour, Corrosive, React strongly with metals.

50
Q

What are the properties of a Base?

A

Tastes bitter or soapy, Strong bases can be corrosive.

51
Q

What do universal indicators show?

A

Many different colour changes; red = strong acid, dark purple = strong base.

52
Q

What does Litmus paper do?

A

Acid: Blue to Red, Base: Red to blue, Neutral: Nothing.

53
Q

What does Litmus Indicator Solution do?

A

Acid = Red, Base = Blue, Neutral = Purple.

54
Q

What does a step alone the pH scale in the positive direction mean?

A

It correlates to a decrease in the concentration of Hydrogen Ions (H+) by a factor of 10.

55
Q

What does pH historically signify?

A

Potential/power of Hydrogen.

56
Q

What is important about Hydrogen in terms of Chemistry?

A

Concentration of hydrogen ions within a substance determines the acidity.

57
Q

What is the etymology of acid?

A

It comes from the Latin word acidus that means ‘sharp’ or ‘sour’.

58
Q

What is the pH Scale?

A

A scale that measures the concentration of free Hydrogen Ions (H+) in a solution.

59
Q

Where are acids found?

A

Foods, Cleaning Products, Digestion fluids.

60
Q

Where are bases found?

A

Foods, Soaps, Cleaning Products.

61
Q

Why does water form in neutralisation reactions?

A

H+ + OH- = H20

62
Q

A conclusion has;

A

‘In conclusion..’ + Restated aim + Summarised results + Whether or not it agrees with hypothesis.

63
Q

A hypothesis has:

A

‘It is hypothesised’ + IV + DV + ‘If, then’ + Because (Rationale) + Can be tested.

64
Q

A method has:

A

Numbered steps, no personal pronouns, diagrams, chronological, past tense.

65
Q

An aim is made of:

A

‘To investigate or determine’ + what we want to achieve + what we will measure.

66
Q

Graphs include:

A

A title, axis, headings, IV, DV, units, and scales.

67
Q

Materials need to have:

A

Bullet points and specific amounts.

68
Q

What are the materials?

A

A list of the materials, equipment, tools, subjects, and chemicals needed to conduct the experiment.

69
Q

What is a conclusion?

A

A statement based on experimental measurements and observations.

70
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An educated guess about an experiment and its outcomes.

71
Q

What is a results section?

A

The section where you display your data in a diagram, graph, or table.

72
Q

What is an aim?

A

A statement that describes the purpose and reason we are conducting the experiment.

73
Q

What is the Discussion section?

A

A section where you analyse and interpret your results.

74
Q

What is the method?

A

An explanation of the procedures used to conduct the procedure.

75
Q

Where do you put your IV and DV in graphs and tables?

A

Graphs: IV on the x-axis, DV on the y-axis. Table: IV on left, DV on top.

Year 8 Science (6 decks)

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