Term 2 - Geology Flashcards
Describe the topics detailed in this Term.
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Etymology of Geology?
Greek:
Geo - Earth
Ology - The Study Of
Geology - The Study of the Earth
What are the layers of the Earth?
The inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust.
Characteristics of the inner core?
Hot - As hot as the surface of the Sun
Solid - Composed of iron and nickel
What is the Mantle?
Largest layer
Characteristics of the mantle?
It is hot, but not as hot as the core.
It is mostly solid and a bit liquid, Composed of various materials
Temperature of the Crust?
Cool
Characteristics of the crust?
Cool
Life
Solid; Composed of rocks; various materials</div>
Characteristics of the outer core?
Hot, but not as hot as the inner core
Liquid - Composed of iron and nickel</div>
What are rocks made of?
Minerals
What are minerals made of?
Chemicals
What is a characteristic of minerals?
They are the same substance throughout.
What are crystals?
Minerals that had the opportunity to grow into natural shape.
Why are there different types of rock?
Because of the way they are formed.
What is Magma?
Deep in the ground is molten rock called magma.Sometimes, magma bursts through the surface causing volcanic eruptions.
How do Igneous Rocks form?
When magma cools and solidifies.
What is Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks?
Intrusive: Igneous Rocks that form through the cooling of magma above the Earth’s surface.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks that form through the cooling of magma below the Earth’s surface.
How do Extrusive Igneous Rocks form?
Magma cools above surface.
What are the crystals like in extrusive Igneous Rocks? Why?
Very small; may be hard to see. Also, has fine grains.
Caused by quick cooling.
What is another characteristic of Extrusive Igneous Rocks?
Usually contains large spaces. Caused by gas bubbles. Makes rock look rough and bubbly.
Examples of Extrusive Igneous Rock?
Basalt, Obsidian, Pumice
How do Intrusive Igneous Rocks form?
When magma cools below the surface.
What are the crystals like in Intrusive Igneous Rocks?
Large and interlocking
Examples of Intrusive Igneous Rocks?
Granite, Durite, Diorite
What are some characteristics of Igneous Rocks? Why?
They are strong and hard.
Because minerals and crystals contained are hard and strong.
What are a characteristic of Igneous Rock Crystal?
Igneous rocks contain interlocking crystals which have grown into each other and lock together and are arranged randomly.
What do the crystals in Igneous Rocks look like?
A jigsaw; because the crystals are grown into eachother
What is Erosion?
The removal of soil and rock by natural processes such as water flow or wind.
What is Weathering?
The deterioration of rocks, soils, and minerals through water, atmospheric gases (wind), and sunlight.
What is Sediment?
Material that is broke down by the processes of weathering and erosion.
What is Deposition?
Process in which material is laid down or dropped to add to a landform or land mass.
What does Erosion to Igneous rocks?
They turn to Sediment.
What does Deposition do to Sediment?
It turns to sedimentary rock.
What does erosion to the sedimentary rocks?
It turns to Sediment.
What does Heat and Pressure do to Sedimentary Rocks?
They turn to metamorphic rock.
What does erosion do to Metamorphic rock?
They turn to Sediment.
What does Melting do to Metamorphic rock?
They turn to Magma and Lava.
What does Melting do to Sedimentary rock?
They turn to Lava and Magma.
What does Melting do to Igneous Rocks?
They turn to Magma and Lava.
What does the Solidifcation of Volcanic Activity do to Magma and Lava?
They turn to Igneous Rocks.
What does Heat and Pressure do to Igneous rocks?
They turn to Metamorphic rocks.
What are Sedimentary rocks?
Rocks made of sediments.
What are the three types of Sedimentary Rock?
Clastic, Organic, Chemical
What determines the type of Sedimentary Rock?
The way they are formed;
Formed from weathered rock fragments = Clastic
Formed from materials crystallising from solutions = Chemical
Formed from dead animal and plant material = Organic
What is the process of Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation in Long Form?
Weathering creates small rock fragments which are deposited (sink) in the sea and form a sediment, building up over time.
Dead plants and animals can become trapped within the sediment forming fossils.
Over time, the pressure of layers above compact the sediment together
What can be found in Clastic Sedimentary Rocks?
Fossils, formed by dead plant and animals that were trapped in the sediment.
What causes Compaction in Clastic Sedimentary Rocks?
Upper layers pushing down the the lower ones.
What are all Clastic Sedimentary Rocks? What is their difference?
Sands, grains, and shales.
Difference is in the size of the grains.
What are some examples of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks?
Sandstone, shale, breccia, conglomerate
What is the Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation process in steps?
- Weathering and Erosion
- Transportation
- Deposition of eroded materials begin sedimentation
- Burial, compaction, lithification
What is Lithification?
The process of expelling fluids, compaction, and cementation.
What are the characteristics of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks?
Layered,
Not interlocked grains due to cementation
May contain fossils
How are Chemical Sedimentary rocks formed?
When materials dissolved in a solution come out of the solution, forms a solid, and sinks.
Involves evaporation and crystallisation.
What is the process of Halite Rock formation?
- Crystals in water settle to the bottom; Sedimentation
- Crystals grow as water evaporates; Evaporation
- Water is gone and crystals cement into Halite Rock
What are examples of Chemical Sedimentary Rocks?
Halite, limestone, gypsum
What are the characteristics of Chemical Sedimentary Rocks?
Most have crystals
Quite soft; distinguishes from hard igneous rocks
No layering
How are Organic Sedimentary Rock formed?
- Dead plant and animal debris is buried under dirt or water
- Is exposed to High pressures and heat, turning the remain sto Organic Sedimentary Rocks.
What are examples of Organic Sedimentary rocks?
Coal, chalk
What are the characteristics of Organic Sedimentary Rocks?
Can be layered
Mostly soft
May contain fossils
What are the time frames in Geology?
Paleozoic
Proterozoic
Archeozoic
What is Paleozoic?
225 - 570 myo
What is Proterozoic?
570 to 1000 myo
What is Archeozoic?
More than 1500 myo
What is a principle of rock age?
Deeper you go, older the rocks are