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Biology > Unti 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Unti 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why must waste be excreted?

A

It can cause problems

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2
Q

What is the waste that your kidneys remove and why?

A

Urea, a poison produced by breaking down amino acids

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3
Q

What waste do your lungs get rid of?

A

CO2

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4
Q

What is oxygen and glucose needed for?

A

Aerobic respiration

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5
Q

What are dissolved food molecules and mineral ions needed for?

A

To produce new substances for your body

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6
Q

What 2 adaptations allow faster diffusion

A

Thin surfaces

Large surface area

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7
Q

What are small blood vessels called and an adaptation

A

Capillaries, one cell thick

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8
Q

What 2 substances diffuse out of the capillaries?

A

Oxygen, glucose

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9
Q

What do capillaries use to transport substances around the body

A

Blood

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10
Q

Why is it bad to have a too large volume of a cell

A

The cell cannot fill up with the materials that it need fast enough

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11
Q

What equation gives surface area: volume

A

Surface area / volume

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12
Q

As a cell gets bigger, what happens to the SA:V ratio

A

It gets smaller

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13
Q

Why is it bad to have a too small ratio for a cell

A

It cannot get enough raw materials fast enough (large volume)

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14
Q

What do lungs have to increase their surface area

A

Millions of alveoli

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15
Q

What do alveoli enable to happen

A

Increase the rate and amount of gas exchange

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16
Q

Describe the function of an alveolus

A

Blood enters from body with high concentration of CO2 and less O2
CO2 diffuses into the alveolus and O2 diffuses into the capillary
Blood returns to rest of body with more O2

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17
Q

Give 4 adaptations in the alveolus process

A

One cell thick alveolus wall
One cell thick capillary
Large surface area due to shape
Less CO2 and more O2 in alveolus

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18
Q

What is concentration

A

The amount of a substance in a certain volume

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19
Q

What is the equation for concentration

A

Mass / volume

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20
Q

What causes faster diffusion

A

A greater difference between the 2 concentrations

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21
Q

What type of relationship is the rate of diffusion and concentration difference

A

Directly proportional/ linear

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22
Q

How is rate of diffusion and surface area linked

A

Directly proportional

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23
Q

How is rate of diffusion and thickness of membrane related?

A

Inversely proportional

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24
Q

What does Fick’s law show

A

Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to SA x concentration/ thickness of membrane

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25
Q

How does blood flow in the circulatory system?

A

Away from heart through arteries, into capillaries and back to the heart through veins

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26
Q

Give 2 adaptations of arteries

A

Thick walls

Layer of muscle

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27
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls

A

To withstand the pressure from the heart pumping the blood

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28
Q

Why is the muscle useful in arteries

A

When they stretch and contract, it helps the look to flow smoothly

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29
Q

Why do veins only need thin walls

A

There is low pressure

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30
Q

Give an adaptation of veins

A

Contain valves to prevent blood flowing the wrong way

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31
Q

What is another name for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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32
Q

Roughly how many erythrocytes are there per mm^3 of blood

A

5,000,00

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33
Q

How many white blood cells are there per mm^3 of blood

A

7000

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34
Q

How many platelets are there per mm^3 in the blood

A

250,000

35
Q

What is dissolved in plasma

A

Glucose, CO2 and urea

36
Q

What substance is found in red blood cells

A

Haemoglobin

37
Q

What is the role of Haemoglobin

A

To bind with O2 in the lungs and release it again in the tissues

38
Q

What colour are Haemoglobin cells with lots of O2

A

Bright red

39
Q

Give 2 adaptations for erythrocytes

A

No nucleus, more space for Haemoglobin

Disc shape with dimple, large SA

40
Q

Give 2 types of white blood cell

A

Lymphocytes

Phagocytes

41
Q

How does a lymphocyte work

A

It produces antibodies which stick to foreign cells and destroy them

42
Q

How does a phagocyte work

A

It surrounds the foreign cell and engulfs them (digests)

43
Q

What is the use of platelets

A

To produce substances needed to clot the blood.

44
Q

What causes a heart attack

A

Blood stops flowing to muscles in part of the heat and stops the heart pumping properly

45
Q

What is a defibrillator

A

A piece of equipment that can restart the heart by putting an electric shock through it

46
Q

What is the vena cava

A

A large vein in which blood flows through to the right atrium

47
Q

Where does the blood from the body enter

A

The right atrium

48
Q

Where does blood from the lungs enter

A

The left atrium

49
Q

What is the pulmonary vein

A

A vein that blood flows to the left atrium

50
Q

When is the blood pushed into the ventricles

A

When the atriums are full and the muscles contract

51
Q

What do muscles in the ventricles do

A

Push blood out of the heart and to the body

52
Q

What do heart valves do

A

Stop blood flowing the wrong way

53
Q

What is the aorta

A

A blood vessel that carries the blood to the rest of the body

54
Q

What is the superior vena cava

A

Brings blood from the upper body

55
Q

What is the pulmonary artery

A

Brings blood to the lungs

56
Q

What is the inferior vena cava

A

Brings blood from the lower body to the heart

57
Q

What are tendons

A

They stop valves turning inside out

58
Q

Describe the structure of a heart diagram

A

Right and left flipped
Aorta (bright red) and superior vena cava (dark red) on the top
Next pulmonary artery (dark red)
Pulmonary veins (bright red)
Left (bright red) and right (dark red) atrium
Left (bright red) and right (dark red) ventricle
Inferior vena cava (dark red)

59
Q

What parts of the heart are coloured dark red

A

Deoxygenated

60
Q

What parts of the heart are coloured bright red

A

Oxygenated

61
Q

What is the heart rate

A

The number of heart beats per minute

62
Q

What is the stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each beat (litres)

63
Q

What is the cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each minute

64
Q

What’s i the equation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

65
Q

What is cardiac output measured in

A

Litres/min

66
Q

Why do fitter people have bigger stroke volumes

A

Exercise increases strength of heart muscle

67
Q

What does the body require energy for (3)

A

Moving, keeping warm, producing and breaking down substances

68
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

A series of chemical reactions that release energy from glucose

69
Q

Is respiration exothermic or endothermic

A

Exothermic

70
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen + glucose –> carbon dioxide + water

71
Q

What is glucose taken in by

A

Small intestines

72
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur

A

In the mitochondria

73
Q

What is glucose absorbed into

A

Plasma

74
Q

What is oxygen carried in

A

Red blood cells

75
Q

What happens to the rate of respiration during exercise

A

It increases

76
Q

What 2 factors increase aerobic respiration

A

Faster heart beat

Faster breathing

77
Q

When does anaerobic respiration happen

A

When more oxygen is used than replaced

78
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose —> lactic acid

79
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur

A

In the cytoplasm

80
Q

Give a benefit of anaerobic respiration

A

It gives a burst of energy without needing oxygen

81
Q

Give a negative of anaerobic respiration

A

Doesn’t give as much energy

82
Q

Why is heavy breathing required after anaerobic respiration

A

To replace oxygen, remove lactic acid

83
Q

Explain the core practical - Respiration rates

A

Add soda lime to a boiling tube and place cotton wool on top
The soda lime absorbs CO2
Collect some of the small organisms in a weighing boat
Gently shake them out of the container and into the tube
Insert bung and capillary tube, set up a control tube
Place the tubes in a rack in a water bath
Wait 5mins to let organisms adjust to temp
Place coloured liquid in the capillary tube
Mark it’s position, wait 5 mins and measure again
Repeat with different temps

84
Q

Why do we need cotton wool for the core practical

A

Soda lime is very corrosive so it is for protection

Biology (9 decks)

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