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Biology > Unti 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Unti 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Why must waste be excreted?

A

It can cause problems

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2
Q

What is the waste that your kidneys remove and why?

A

Urea, a poison produced by breaking down amino acids

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3
Q

What waste do your lungs get rid of?

A

CO2

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4
Q

What is oxygen and glucose needed for?

A

Aerobic respiration

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5
Q

What are dissolved food molecules and mineral ions needed for?

A

To produce new substances for your body

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6
Q

What 2 adaptations allow faster diffusion

A

Thin surfaces

Large surface area

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7
Q

What are small blood vessels called and an adaptation

A

Capillaries, one cell thick

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8
Q

What 2 substances diffuse out of the capillaries?

A

Oxygen, glucose

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9
Q

What do capillaries use to transport substances around the body

A

Blood

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10
Q

Why is it bad to have a too large volume of a cell

A

The cell cannot fill up with the materials that it need fast enough

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11
Q

What equation gives surface area: volume

A

Surface area / volume

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12
Q

As a cell gets bigger, what happens to the SA:V ratio

A

It gets smaller

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13
Q

Why is it bad to have a too small ratio for a cell

A

It cannot get enough raw materials fast enough (large volume)

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14
Q

What do lungs have to increase their surface area

A

Millions of alveoli

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15
Q

What do alveoli enable to happen

A

Increase the rate and amount of gas exchange

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16
Q

Describe the function of an alveolus

A

Blood enters from body with high concentration of CO2 and less O2
CO2 diffuses into the alveolus and O2 diffuses into the capillary
Blood returns to rest of body with more O2

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17
Q

Give 4 adaptations in the alveolus process

A

One cell thick alveolus wall
One cell thick capillary
Large surface area due to shape
Less CO2 and more O2 in alveolus

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18
Q

What is concentration

A

The amount of a substance in a certain volume

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19
Q

What is the equation for concentration

A

Mass / volume

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20
Q

What causes faster diffusion

A

A greater difference between the 2 concentrations

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21
Q

What type of relationship is the rate of diffusion and concentration difference

A

Directly proportional/ linear

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22
Q

How is rate of diffusion and surface area linked

A

Directly proportional

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23
Q

How is rate of diffusion and thickness of membrane related?

A

Inversely proportional

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24
Q

What does Fick’s law show

A

Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to SA x concentration/ thickness of membrane

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25
How does blood flow in the circulatory system?
Away from heart through arteries, into capillaries and back to the heart through veins
26
Give 2 adaptations of arteries
Thick walls | Layer of muscle
27
Why do arteries have thick walls
To withstand the pressure from the heart pumping the blood
28
Why is the muscle useful in arteries
When they stretch and contract, it helps the look to flow smoothly
29
Why do veins only need thin walls
There is low pressure
30
Give an adaptation of veins
Contain valves to prevent blood flowing the wrong way
31
What is another name for red blood cells
Erythrocytes
32
Roughly how many erythrocytes are there per mm^3 of blood
5,000,00
33
How many white blood cells are there per mm^3 of blood
7000
34
How many platelets are there per mm^3 in the blood
250,000
35
What is dissolved in plasma
Glucose, CO2 and urea
36
What substance is found in red blood cells
Haemoglobin
37
What is the role of Haemoglobin
To bind with O2 in the lungs and release it again in the tissues
38
What colour are Haemoglobin cells with lots of O2
Bright red
39
Give 2 adaptations for erythrocytes
No nucleus, more space for Haemoglobin | Disc shape with dimple, large SA
40
Give 2 types of white blood cell
Lymphocytes | Phagocytes
41
How does a lymphocyte work
It produces antibodies which stick to foreign cells and destroy them
42
How does a phagocyte work
It surrounds the foreign cell and engulfs them (digests)
43
What is the use of platelets
To produce substances needed to clot the blood.
44
What causes a heart attack
Blood stops flowing to muscles in part of the heat and stops the heart pumping properly
45
What is a defibrillator
A piece of equipment that can restart the heart by putting an electric shock through it
46
What is the vena cava
A large vein in which blood flows through to the right atrium
47
Where does the blood from the body enter
The right atrium
48
Where does blood from the lungs enter
The left atrium
49
What is the pulmonary vein
A vein that blood flows to the left atrium
50
When is the blood pushed into the ventricles
When the atriums are full and the muscles contract
51
What do muscles in the ventricles do
Push blood out of the heart and to the body
52
What do heart valves do
Stop blood flowing the wrong way
53
What is the aorta
A blood vessel that carries the blood to the rest of the body
54
What is the superior vena cava
Brings blood from the upper body
55
What is the pulmonary artery
Brings blood to the lungs
56
What is the inferior vena cava
Brings blood from the lower body to the heart
57
What are tendons
They stop valves turning inside out
58
Describe the structure of a heart diagram
Right and left flipped Aorta (bright red) and superior vena cava (dark red) on the top Next pulmonary artery (dark red) Pulmonary veins (bright red) Left (bright red) and right (dark red) atrium Left (bright red) and right (dark red) ventricle Inferior vena cava (dark red)
59
What parts of the heart are coloured dark red
Deoxygenated
60
What parts of the heart are coloured bright red
Oxygenated
61
What is the heart rate
The number of heart beats per minute
62
What is the stroke volume
The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each beat (litres)
63
What is the cardiac output
The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each minute
64
What’s i the equation for cardiac output
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
65
What is cardiac output measured in
Litres/min
66
Why do fitter people have bigger stroke volumes
Exercise increases strength of heart muscle
67
What does the body require energy for (3)
Moving, keeping warm, producing and breaking down substances
68
What is cellular respiration
A series of chemical reactions that release energy from glucose
69
Is respiration exothermic or endothermic
Exothermic
70
What is the equation for aerobic respiration
Oxygen + glucose --> carbon dioxide + water
71
What is glucose taken in by
Small intestines
72
Where does aerobic respiration occur
In the mitochondria
73
What is glucose absorbed into
Plasma
74
What is oxygen carried in
Red blood cells
75
What happens to the rate of respiration during exercise
It increases
76
What 2 factors increase aerobic respiration
Faster heart beat | Faster breathing
77
When does anaerobic respiration happen
When more oxygen is used than replaced
78
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose —> lactic acid
79
Where does anaerobic respiration occur
In the cytoplasm
80
Give a benefit of anaerobic respiration
It gives a burst of energy without needing oxygen
81
Give a negative of anaerobic respiration
Doesn’t give as much energy
82
Why is heavy breathing required after anaerobic respiration
To replace oxygen, remove lactic acid
83
Explain the core practical - Respiration rates
Add soda lime to a boiling tube and place cotton wool on top The soda lime absorbs CO2 Collect some of the small organisms in a weighing boat Gently shake them out of the container and into the tube Insert bung and capillary tube, set up a control tube Place the tubes in a rack in a water bath Wait 5mins to let organisms adjust to temp Place coloured liquid in the capillary tube Mark it’s position, wait 5 mins and measure again Repeat with different temps
84
Why do we need cotton wool for the core practical
Soda lime is very corrosive so it is for protection

Biology (9 decks)

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