Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Unit 9 - Ecosystems And Material Cycles > Flashcards

Unit 9 - Ecosystems And Material Cycles Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is parasitism

A

A kind of feeding relationship where the parasite benefits by feeding off the host organism, causing harm to the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give an example of a parasite that lives on the outside of a host

A

Lice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an example of a parasite that lives inside a host

A

Tapeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give 2 adaptations of tapeworms

A

Hooks and suckers attach head into host’s intestines

Segments contain male and female sex organs so fertilisation can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give 2 adaptations of lice

A

Sharp claws to grip hair and skin

Sharp mouthparts to pierce skin and suck blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a mutualities relationship

A

When organisms live together and they both benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is are flowers and insects in a mutualistic relationship

A

Flowers can fertilise and insects get food from pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is sea anemone and clownfish in a mutualistic relationship

A

Sea anemones protect clownfish using stinging tentacles, clownfish chase off predators and provide nutrients in faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does Cora, polyps and algae form a mutualistic relationship

A

The algae are protected by coral, the algae photosynthesises and share food with coral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do plants need to stay alive (7)

A

Space, light, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, warmth, mineral ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A large area where certain organisms live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are some species interdependent?

A

They rely on each other for resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is abundance

A

A measure of how common something is in an area such as its population size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What piece of equipment is used to estimate the population size

A

A quadrat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the equation for population size

A

Population size = no. Organisms x total size of the habitat/ total area of quadrats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is biomass

A

The mass of tissues (living organisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the energy from the sun transferred (2)

A

To substances in plant biomass, to environment by heating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

For a primary consumer, where is the energy transferred? (3)

A

Into its faeces, into the secondary consumer, to the surrounding ps by heating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are trophic levels?

A

The feeding levels of a food chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does a pyramid of biomass show?

A

The biomass of each different level in the food chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 5 levels of the food chain

A

Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, trophic level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does the pyramid of biomass show that there is a limit to a food chain

A

The energy stores decrease too support another level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the distribution

A

Where animals are found in and ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non-living factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a belt transect?

A

When quadrats are placed along a line and the abundance of organisms is measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is essential for algae to grow?

A

Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why do quadrats need to be placed carefully on a coral reef (2)

A

To avoid damaging organisms and prevent scientists from being cut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Explain the core practical - Quadrats and transects

A

Peg out a long tape measure that goes into and out of shade
Make measurements of a chosen plant along regular intervals
Record abundance of selected plants in quadrat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a transect line

A

A line (usually tape measure) that is used to show where to place quadrats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are biotic factors

A

Living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Give an example of a biotic factor

A

The number of wolves decreased due to hunting which caused there to be more elks which caused overgrazing of trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The number of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are lecanora conizaeoides?

A

A species of lichen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why can lichens be used as an indicator species for sulphur dioxide?

A

Different species of lichens can tolerate different amounts of sulphur dioxide

35
Q

What is another indicator of air pollution besides lichens

A

Blackspot fungus which can’t grow well with pollution and are pathogens of roses

36
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

Excessive richness of nutrients in an ecosystem e.g too much fertilisers

37
Q

Why is water pollution bad (details)

A

Substances in pollution cause eutrophication which encourage rapid growth of algae and plants. The bacteria feed on the dead plants and reduce oxygen concentration in water which kills other animals

38
Q

What is used to collect numerical data of water and air pollution

A

Sensors

39
Q

What is the aim of fish farming?

A

To produce more fish and so reducing overfishing of wild fish

40
Q

How does fish farming cause problems (2)

A

Uneaten food and faeces sink to bottom which changes conditions and may harm wild organisms
Parasites and diseases spread easily

41
Q

What are indigenous species

A

Native species (always been there)

42
Q

What are non-indigenous organisms?

A

Organisms that haven’t always been there

43
Q

Why might some species be introduced to an ecosystem?

A

To bring down numbers of certain species

44
Q

How does eutrophication happen?

A
  1. Fertiliser added
  2. Heavy rain washes it off, nitrates and phosphates dissolve in water
  3. Nitrates and phosphates not taken by plants are washed into river
  4. This encourages plants and algae to grow rapidly
  5. Surface plants block sunlight so plants die in water and less O2 is then produced
  6. Bacteria that break down plants and use oxygen
  7. Less oxygen which causes marine life to die
45
Q

Why might several different trees be planted in reforestation

A

To increase range of habitats and biodiversity

46
Q

What is conservation

A

When an effort is made to protect rare and endangered species

47
Q

Why else is it important to protect species besides for their own good

A

We use plants and animals for food
Use plants for medicine
Areas with greater biodiversity recover faster from natural disasters

48
Q

What does food security mean

A

Having access to enough sage and healthy food for all times

49
Q

Give 2 ways to improve food security

A

Using fertilisers and improving agricultural methods

50
Q

Why might food security be more difficult

A

Population increase

51
Q

How much more protein is produced from soybean compared to animals using the same land area

A

15 times more

52
Q

Why are there sustainability concerns regarding fertilisers

A

They are made using chemical processes which need energy and release CO2

53
Q

What does sustainable mean

A

If it is possibly to continue without causing harm for the future

54
Q

What is a vector

A

An organism that doesn’t cause harm itself but can transfer a disease

55
Q

What are biofuels and why are they more useful

A

When plants are made into oil and energy resources which when burned, only release the amount of CO2 that the plant originally took in

56
Q

How much of the body is water

A

60%

57
Q

What is transpiration

A

Plants absorbing water

58
Q

What is infiltration

A

Water being absorbed into the ground

59
Q

What does potable water means

A

Safe to drink

60
Q

Why is fresh water e.g in lakes treated with chemicals and filtered

A

To remove dirt, pathogens and toxic substances

61
Q

What is desalination?

A

Obtaining fresh water from sea or salty water

62
Q

What method does desalination use

A

Distillation

63
Q

How does a fungus play a key role in the carbon cycle

A

It grows inside the cow faeces and digests carbon compounds. It produces capsules with spores (new fungi) and the capsules explode off the top of the stalk and onto grass, this is eaten bit the fungus isn’t digested so then returns to the faeces.

64
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide inside a leaf

A

The carbon atom becomes another compound called glucose

65
Q

What 2 things is glucose used for in a plant

A

Respiration and biomass

66
Q

When an animal eats a plant, what happens to the carbon compounds in the plant

A

They are digested or leave in the animals faeces

67
Q

What do the absorbed carbon compounds do in the animals body? (3)

A

Respiration, to build more complex compounds in tissue, some form waste products in urine

68
Q

What is decay caused by

A

Microorganisms called decomposeds

69
Q

Give 2 tropes of decomposes

A

Fungi, bacteria

70
Q

What do decomposers use carbon compounds for? (2)

A

Respiration and to make complex compounds in their cells

71
Q

What happens to dead plants if there are too many for decomposes to break down

A

Over millions of years, they change to coal by heat and pressure of the earth

72
Q

How is natural gas and oil formed

A

When animals and sea plants aren’t broken down by decomposers but are compressed

73
Q

How much nitrogen is there in the atmosphere

A

Around 80%

74
Q

Where is nitrogen in plants

A

Proteins and DNA

75
Q

Where do plants absorb nitrates from

A

Nitrogen compounds dissolved in soil water

76
Q

What do decomposers do with nitrogen compounds

A

They release nitrogen compounds with carbon compounds when they decompose plants into the soil

77
Q

What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

A

Soil bacteria that can convert nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds in the soil

78
Q

How do some plants have a mutualistic relationship with bacteria

A

The coddles in the plant root protect the bacteria and the plant gets nitrogen compounds

79
Q

How do farmers make use of the mutualistic relationship between pea plants and bacteria

A

They plant a crop of peas and dig in the roots after the crop has been harvested so the next crops will benefit from the additional nitrogen compounds

80
Q

What is crop rotation

A

Planting a sequence of different crops in different years

81
Q

Give 4 ways for food preservation

A

Reducing temp, reducing water, irradiation, reducing oxygen

82
Q

What is compost

A

Waste garden material that is collected and contains many nutrients that were plant tissues

83
Q

Why might compost be turned every few weeks?

A

To let more oxygen in from the sides

84
Q

What is the equation for the rate of decomposition

A

Rate of decomposition = mass lost/ no. of days

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions