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Biology > Unit 7 - Animal Coordination, Control And Homeostasis > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Animal Coordination, Control And Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What does your nervous system enable you to do?

A

Respond quickly to changes in your surroundings

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2
Q

What does your hormonal system allow you to do?

A

Cause responses in many parts of your body but is much slower

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3
Q

How does the hormonal system send messages

A

It uses chemical messengers called hormone which are carried by the blood

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4
Q

What type of glands produce hormones?

A

Endocrine glands

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5
Q

What gland releases the hormones ACTH, FSH, LH and growth hormone

A

The pituitary gland

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6
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland release

A

Thyroxine

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7
Q

What gland releases adrenaline?

A

Adrenal gland

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8
Q

What hormone do the testes release?

A

Testosterone

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9
Q

What hormone does the pancreas release?

A

Insulin

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10
Q

What hormones do the ovaries release? (2)

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

What is a target organ?

A

An organ affected by a specific hormone

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12
Q

What effect does a hormone have on an organ

A

It changes what the organ is doin

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13
Q

Why do people end up growing more during puberty?

A

The sex hormone stimulate the release of the growth hormones

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14
Q

What is your metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which the energy stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body

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15
Q

How is your resting metabolic rate measured?

A

With the body at rest, in a warm place and long after they have a meal

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16
Q

What hormone affects your metabolic rate?

A

Thyroxine

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17
Q

What are 2 effects of thyroxine?

A

Causes heart cells to contract faster

Increases rate of proteins and carbohydrates being broken down

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18
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When there is an increase in something which directly causes a change to decrease it or vice versa

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19
Q

What is the order of glands involved in the negative feedback of thyroxine (and hormone released)

A

Hypothalamus (TRH)
Pituitary gland (TSH)
Thyroid gland (Thyroxine)
Target organs

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20
Q

What situations is adrenaline released?

A

Frightening or exciting situations

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21
Q

What is the process involved in Adrenalin being released

A

In flight or fright situations, more impulses from the neurones reach the adrenal glands from the spinal cord which releases large amounts of adrenaline into the blood

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22
Q

What does the breaking down of glycogen allow

A

More glucose molecules released into the blood for respiration

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23
Q

What are the 3 target organs for adrenaline?

A

Heart
Liver
Blood vessels

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24
Q

What effect does adrenaline have on the heart

A

Cells contract more rapidly, increase heart rate

Contract more strongly, increases blood pressure

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25
Q

What affect does adrenaline have on the liver

A

Breaks down glycogen to glucose and releases it into the blood, increases blood sugar concentration

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26
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline on the blood vessels (widening)

A

Widens the diameter, increases blood flow to muscles

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27
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline on the blood vessels (narrowing)

A

Narrows diameter , reduces blood flow to organs and increases blood pressure

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28
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A cycle of changes in a woman’s reproductive system that takes around 28 days

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29
Q

When does the menstruated cycle happen?

A

From puberty to menopause

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30
Q

What happens between days 1 and 5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining breaks down and the unfertilised egg cell is lost

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31
Q

What happens between days 6 and 12 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining starts to thicken again

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32
Q

What happens between days 13 and 15 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation, when the ovary releases the egg

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33
Q

Between what days is it most ideal for fertilisation?

A

16 and 21

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34
Q

After day 23 of the menstrual cycle, what happens

A

The egg cell travels along the oviduct to the uterus

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35
Q

What hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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36
Q

At what point of the menstrual cycle does the concentration of oestrogen decrease?

A

Ovulation

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37
Q

What is contraception

A

The prevention of fertilisation

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38
Q

What does the hormone pill or implant placed under skin do?

A

Releases hormones to prevent ovulation and thickens mucus at the cervix, making it difficult for sperm cells to pass through

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39
Q

What does FSH stand for

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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40
Q

What does LH stand for

A

Luteinising hormone

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41
Q

What are FSH AND LH released from the

A

The pituitary gland

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42
Q

What controls the release of FSH and LH?

A

The concentration of oestrogen and progesterone

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43
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

At the base of the brain

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44
Q

How does oestrogen and progesterone control FSH and LH?

A

Low levels of progesterone allows FSH to be released

High levels of oestrogen allows more LH to be released

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45
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Growth and maturation of egg follicle

Oestrogen production

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46
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

The release of the egg (ovulation)

Progesterone

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47
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes uterus wall to thicken

Stimulates LH surge

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48
Q

What stimulates oestrogen production?

A

Maturing follicle, FSH increase

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49
Q

After ovulation, what is the name of the structure in which the egg follicle becomes

A

Corpus luteum

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50
Q

What causes progesterone to be released?

A

LH

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51
Q

What does falling oestrogen and progesterone levels trigger

A

Menstruation

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52
Q

Why does hormonal contraception using progesterone and oestrogen work?

A

Higher levels of the hormones prevents the start of a cycle occurring

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53
Q

What does assisted reproductive technology allow?

A

It overcomes some problems to help a woman become pregnant

54
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A

A drug that helps to increase the concentration of FSH and LH in the blood

55
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In vitro fertilisation

56
Q

What happens in IVF?

A

FSH and LH injected into body to mature egg follicle
Egg follicle matured by hormones
Egg cells released and taken from the ovary
Sperm cells taken from man
Eggs and sperm combine to allow fertilisation
One or two healthy embryos placed in uterus

57
Q

What test can be used for diabetes?

A

A urine test

58
Q

In the Middle Ages, how did doctors test for diabetes?

A

Tasting the urine

59
Q

What happens to glucose in our body

A

During digestion in the gut, glucose is released from carbohydrates in our food. It is easily absorbed from small intestine into the blood and then into cells where it is broken down for respiration

60
Q

Why is there a risk that glucose may reach a very high concentration in the blood

A

It takes time for cells to take in the glucose

61
Q

How is blood glucose concentration controlled?

A

When the concentration rises, the pancreas responds by releasing insulin which causes the liver and other organs to take in glucose so the concentration falls

62
Q

What happens to glucose after it is absorbed by the liver

A

It is converted to glycogen

63
Q

What happens in the liver if the glucose concentration falls too low

A

A hormone called glucagon is released from other pancreatic cells which cause liver cells to convert glycogen back to glucose

64
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining constant conditions inside the body

65
Q

Give 2 other examples of homeostasis besides glucose concentration

A

Temperature control and water content

66
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

When the pancreatic cells do not produce insulin so they cannot control rising blood glucose concentration

67
Q

Why is a urine test the first test for type 1 diabetes?

A

Glucose can be detected in the urine

68
Q

How do people with type 1 diabetes control the glucose concentration

A

They have to inject insulin into the fat layer below the skin where it enters the blood

69
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes

A

When either the insulin-releasing cells are not producing enough insulin or the target organs are not responding to the insulin

70
Q

For people with less severe type 2 diabetes, give 2 ways in which they can control it

A 
Eating healthily (low amount of sugar)
Being physically healthy, takes glucose out of the blood
71
Q

How might people with more severe type 2 diabetes be treated?

A

Given medicines to reduce amount of glucose that the liver releases into the blood or to increase sensitivity of target organs

72
Q

Why do scientists use BMI rather than mass to see the risk of type
2 diabetes?

A

BMI takes into account the different heights

73
Q

What is the equation for BMI

A

BMI = mass (kg) / height^2 (m)

74
Q

What is the BMI for obese

A

Over 30

75
Q

What is the BMI range for a normal person

A

18.5 - 24.9

76
Q

What are the 2 measurements that link to obesity?

A

BMI and waist:hip ratio

77
Q

How do you work out your waist:hip ratio

A

Waist/hip

78
Q

Why does waist:hip ratio correlate with type 2 diabetes?

A

Ass people increase in mass, they develop more fat around their waist

79
Q

What is the normal temperature for the human body

A

Around 37 degrees Celsius

80
Q

What temperature is considered a fever

A

Above 38 degrees

81
Q

What temperature is considered as hypothermia

A

Below 36 degrees

82
Q

Why are fevers and hypothermia dangerous

A

They affect how well the enzyme sin our bodies work

83
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The control of body temperature

84
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

A small part of the brain that constantly monitors temperature

85
Q

How does the hypothalamus process work?

A

It receives information from temperature receptors in the dermis of the skin

86
Q

What is shivering

A

When muscles contract and relax rapidly, some of the energy release from cell respiration for shivering warms you up

87
Q

How does hair keep the body warmer

A

Contraction of erector muscles in the dermis of the skin causes hair to stand upright which would trap warm air for other mammals

88
Q

How does the reduction of blood flow near the skin keep the body warmer

A

It keeps warm blood deeper inside the body which reduces the rate of transfer of energy to air by heating

89
Q

How does sweating keep us cooler?

A

When the hypothalamus detects temperatures above 37 degrees, sweat spreads out as a thin layer over this skin epidermis which evaporates and transfers energy from the skin to the air by heating

90
Q

How does the skin respond when the body temperature is too low (2)

A

Hair is pulled upright by erecting muscles

Reduced blood flow to skin

91
Q

How does the skin respond when the body temperature is too high? (3)

A

Sweat evaporates
Hair lies flat
Increased blood flow to skin

92
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

When the blood vessels are narrowed when it is too cold, reduces energy transfer to surroundings

93
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When the blood vessels are widened to bring warmer blood to surface of skin to increase energy transfer by heating to surroundings

94
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The control of the balance of water and mineral salts in the body

95
Q

Why can the wrong amount of water in the body be dangerous? (2)

A

Water in cells allows all the molecules in the cell’s reactions to move around
It is needed to maintain the shape of the cell

96
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

To remove excess amounts of some substances from the blood including water and mineral salts
To remove waste products such as urea

97
Q

What is urea?

A

Produced on liver cels from the breakdown of amino acids that are in excess

98
Q

What is the role of the ureters

A

To carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

99
Q

What is the role of the bladder

A

To store the urine

100
Q

What is the role of the renew arteries

A

To carry blood from the body to the kidneys

101
Q

What is the role of the kidneys

A

To remove substances from the blood and make urine

102
Q

What is the urethra

A

What the irony flows through to the outside of the body

103
Q

What is kidney failure?

A

When both kidneys stop functioning

104
Q

Why is a persons life in danger if they have kidney failure?

A

Waste substances increase in concentration in the blood

105
Q

What are the 2 options to treat kidney failure?

A

Dialysis, kidney transplant

106
Q

How does a dialysis machine work?

A

Blood carrying wastes passes to the machine from a vein

The machine removes the waste and is put back into a vein

107
Q

Why is the dialysis fluid personal to each person

A

It contains the same concentration of glucose as blood

108
Q

What 2 diffusions happen in dialysis?

A

Equal for glucose

Diffusion out of the blood for urea and waste substances

109
Q

Why might a kidney donor not be successful for patient? (2)

A

Too weak for the long surgery

Antigens on cells are rejected by immune system

110
Q

What risk comes with a successful kidney donor?

A

They need life long medication to stop rejection which can affect the immune system making them more vulnerable for infection

111
Q

What are nephrons

A

The microscopic tubes found in each kidney

112
Q

Where is urine made?

A

In the nephrons

113
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

The network of capillaries in which blood flows through in the kidneys

114
Q

What is the bowmans capsule?

A

What the capillaries run through in the kidneys

115
Q

What is the bowmans capsule and glomerulus adapted to do?

A

To let very small molecules like water, urea and glucose through into the nephron

116
Q

What is filtration

A

The process in which only certain molecules are let through

117
Q

What happens to the filtration fluid after it has been filtered?

A

Selective reabsorption of useful substances such as glucose and mineral ions

118
Q

What happens in the first convoluted tubule?

A

The reabsorbed substances are pumped through proteins in cell membranes by active transport

119
Q

How is water reabsorbed in the kidneys.

A

By osmosis

120
Q

Where is the water reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A

Loop of Henle and collecting duct

121
Q

At the end of the nephron, what does the remaining fluid contain? (3)

A

Excess water, urea and other substances

122
Q

Give 3 ways in which a nephron is adapted for reabsorption of certain substances

A

A large surface area of contact between the nephron and capillaries
Cell membrane of the fist convoluted tubule has Microvilli
Cells that protein pumps into their membranes contain many mitochondria

123
Q

As well as getting rid of urea, what does the kidneys also control

A

The water content of the blood

124
Q

What gland detects the amount of water?

A

Pituitary gland

125
Q

What does the pituitary gland do when it detects too little water

A

It releases the hormone ADH

126
Q

What does the hormone ADH do?

A

It changes the permeability of the collecting duct in nephrons and increases the concentration of urine (less water)

127
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Building up of the uterus lining

128
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Maintaining of the uterus lining

129
Q

What causes the uterus lining to break?

A

Low levels of progesterone (not maintained)

130
Q

What is the role of renal veins?

A

To carry the cleaned blood from the kidneys back to the body

131
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Maintains the uterus lining

Biology (9 decks)

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