Universal Design for the Physical World Flashcards
What are the 7 principles of universal design?
- Equitable use
- Flexibility in use
- Simple and intuitive use
- Perceptible information
- Tolerance for error
- Low physical effort
- Size and space for approach and use
What is Principle 1: Equitable Use?
- Provide same means of use for all users: identical if possible, equivalent if not
- Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users
- Provisions for privacy, security, & safety should be equally available to all users
- Make the design appealing to all users
What is Principle 2: Flexibility in Use?
- Design of the product/environment should provide people with a variety of options for use
- Accommodate right/left handed use
- Facilitate user’s accuracy & precision
- Should be adaptable to an individual’s preference and abilities
What is Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use?
- eliminate unnecessary complexity
- Be consistent with user expectations & intuition
- Arrange info consistent with its importance
- Provide effective prompting & feedback during & after task completion
- Purpose of the product or environment’s features should be easy to understand
- Person’s background, language, experience should not hinder their understanding of how to use/navigate
What is Principle 4: Perceptible Information?
- Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential info
- Provide adequate contrast between essential info and its surroundings
- Info about the design should be communicated effectively and perceivable to everyone
- Maximize legibility of essential info
- Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e. make it easy to give instructions/directions)
- Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations
What is Principle 5: Tolerance for Error?
- Arrange elements to minimize hazards & errors; most use elements, most accessible, hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded
- Provide warnings of hazards & errors
- Provide fail safe features
- Discourage unconscious actions in tasks that require vigilance
What is Principle 6: Low Physical Effort?
- Allow user to maintain neutral body position
- Use reasonable operating forces
- Minimize repetitive actions
- Minimize sustained physical effort
What is Principle 7: Size and Space for Approachable Use?
- Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user
- Make reaching to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user
- Accommodate variations in hand & grip size
- Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices
What are the accessibility enhancements of sidewalks?
Curb cuts, bumped & ridged tiles,
Sidewalks that are wheelchair accessible and have curb cuts that orient people who are blind, assist people with motor disabilities and people who walk with objects such as carts & strollers – is an example of which principle?
Principle 1: Equitable Use
Detectable warnings built into curb cuts that warn people who are blind that they are approaching a street – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Sidewalks that are smooth and absent of bumps and cracks – is an example of which principle?
Principle 6: Low Physical Effort
Width of sidewalk allows for use of assistive technologies like rollators & wheelchairs – is an example of which principle?
Principle 7: Size & space for approach and use
What are the accessibility enhancements of building entrances?
Ramps
Same entrance to the building for all people – is an example of which principle?
Principle 1: Equitable Use
Ramps built into stairs (not separate from stairs) – is an example of which principle?
Principle 1: Equitable Use
What are assistive technologies for stairs?
Stair climbing wheelchairs, elevators
Elevators provided for access to multiple levels in buildings that can be used by a wide variety of people – is an example of which principle?
Principle 1: Equitable Use
Buttons on elevators that are tactile or have braille on them – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Visual and audio feedback that announces each floor level – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
What are accessible design alternatives to doorknobs?
Push button, automatic door, accessible door thresholds, accessible doorbells
Doorlights that have lights and audio cues – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Doorbells that can be programmed to send vibrating signals to a device – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Doors with lever handles that require less effort to operate – is an example of which principle?
Principle 6: Low Physical Effort
Electronic doors with sensors & flat entryways that everyone can use – is an example of which principle?
Principle 6: Low Physical Effort
What are ways to make a bathroom accessible?
Grip bars, sufficient space for wheelchairs, automatic hands-free faucets, sinks with wheel chair access underneath, unisex bathrooms, braille bathroom signs
Bathroom labels that are both visual and tactile – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Bathrooms that serve the needs of diverse individuals by providing hands-free faucets, automatic flushing, and handles for support – is an example of which principle?
Principle 6: Low Physical Effort
Bathrooms that provide sufficient space for maneuverability of body & assistive technologies – is an example of which principle?
Principle 7: Size and Space for Approach and Use
What are ways to make drinking fountains more accessible?
Auto-detect features, multiple heights, large push buttons, wheelchair access underneath
Drinking fountains that are placed at varying heights to accommodate different users – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
Drinking fountains that have auto-detecting features – is an example of which principle?
Principle 6: Low Physical Effort
What are ways to make transportation systems more accessible?
- Online ticket purchasing
- Wide turnstiles
- Bumped/ridged train platforms
- Clear train arrival announcements
- Clear door visibility
- Clear mind-the-gap signage
- Accessible route maps & guides
Both audible and visual train announcements – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Transportation systems that allow mobile devices to provide alerts regarding info & announcements – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
High contrast colors on doors that distinguish doors from rest of environment – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Transportation systems that provide tactile route maps and guides and enlarged maps and guides that are simple and easy to understand – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Turnstiles and gates that are large enough and wide enough for wheelchairs and diverse group of people to use – is an example of which principle?
Principle 7: Size and Space for Approach and Use
What are ways to make taxis more accessible?
Small computers in the backseat that let people with blindness or low vision access fare info and pay with credit card
Taxis that have wheelchair access – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
Credit card or cash payment options in taxis – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
Touchscreens for people who are blind to use to access info about taxi and fare – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Touchscreens with larger clickable areas & fonts to help prevent people who have visual/motor disabilities from making mistakes, communicating mistakes, and help users recover from those mistakes – is an example of which principle?
Principle 5: Tolerance for Error
What are ways to support individuals with disabilities in an emergency?
During a fire, providing smoke detectors with flashing lights, mobile device that vibrates when a fire alarm goes off
Emergency exit routes that are accessible & usable for all people – is an example of which principle?
Principle 1: Equitable Use
Smoke detectors and other alarm systems that have flashing lights and audio sounds – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
What are ways to make grocery stores and shopping more accessible?
Online groceries – person with quadriplegia, paraplegia, blindness, low vision can use assistive technologies and buy groceries independently
Shelves, product markers, info, and prices that can be exposed to portable devices – is an example of which principle?
Principle 1: Equitable Use
Orientation and guidance provided in grocery store for everyone to help find items – is an example of which principle?
Principle 1: Equitable Use
Shelves placed at lower heights to accommodate divers needs of shoppers – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
What are ways to make the self check-in and check-out process more accessible?
- Place kiosks at different heights, like water fountains
- Provide audio instructions, very large clickable areas, or gesture-controlled activation on touchscreens for people who are blind
- Provide magnified version of interface or increase font size and contrast on touchscreen
- Provide online and mobile check-ins
Kiosks that have both audio and visual touchscreen interfaces to accommodate various users and controls that accommodate people who are blind or visually impaired – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
Kiosks placed at various heights to accommodate diverse users – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
Larger clickable areas and fonts to help prevent users who are visually impaired or have motor disabilities from making mistakes & recover – is an example of which principle?
Principle 5: Tolerance for Error
What are ways to make signs more accessible?
- Make sign visually intuitive for people with cognitive disabilities
- Enlarged and high contrast colors
- Provide signs in audio or braille
- Ads could also be distractive for people with attention deficit disorder and some cognitive disabilities
Standardized signs that have depictions that are visually intuitive and communicate important info in a simple manner (e.g. don’t feed the crocodile your baby!) – is an example of which principle?
Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use
Visual signs that present same info in audio and braille formats – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Signs that are enlarged with high contrast colors – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
What is a “print disability”?
People who are completely blind, people with low vision, cognitive disabilities, or others whom reading is difficult or impossible
What are ways to make printed materials accessible?
- Make text in digital format so that it can be read by SRs, manipulated by screen magnifiers, and appearance can be altered to meet needs of people with low vision.
- By moving to digital format, you can bypass a lot of the problems associated with print disabilities.
What is the preferred method to access printed materials for most blind people?
Audio – users have options on how to read it, how fast, whether to skip ahead, etc. with the SR
- To convert printed materials to audio, someone needs recording of materials, text to speech, or OCR (optical character recognition) to convert print to digital text, which can then be read by SR
Printed text-based materials supplemented with visuals that reinforce info – is an example of which principle?
Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use
Printed materials that use language that can be understood by a wide range of users – is an example of which principle?
Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use
Options that are provided for printed materials, e.g. braille, large print, electronic formats – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Info
Content on printed materials that is clear and distinguishable – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Info
What are ways to make microwaves accessible?
Tactile interfaces, audio interface or blind-friendly touchscreen
Microwaves that have tactile interfaces e.g. dials or touchscreen interfaces and larger buttons – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
Microwaves that provide visual and audio feedback and have tactile markers – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
What are ways to make televisions more accessible?
For hardware: Tactile remote controls, on-screen menu system with built-in SR and enlarged text
TV shows: captions for deaf access, audio descriptions for people with visual disabilities
TVs that have distinguishable tactile controls and larger buttons to operate hardware – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
TVs that allow use of personal or assistive devices or voice control to operate hardware – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
Remote controls with fewer buttons that make using TV & menus easier – is an example of which principle?
Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use
TVs that have clearer, larger visuals and audio output for onscreen menu options – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
TVs that allow users to enable captions and audio descriptions – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Movie theaters that provide integrated and adaptive seating – is an example of which principle?
Principle 1: Equitable Use
Movie theaters that provide assistive devices that allow viewers to amplify audio, listen to audio description, or view captions for movies – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Movie theaters that have wide aisles and seating for those who use assistive technologies – is an example of which principle?
Principle 7: Size and Space for Approach and Use
What are ways to make ATMs more accessible?
- Space underneath to position wheelchair
- Allow headphone jacks so blind user can bring headphones
- Braille characters on keypads
- High contrast screens for people with low vision
- Online and mobile banking
ATMs that have tactile interfaces, like dials, touchscreen interface and larger buttons – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
ATMs that are placed at varying heights for diverse users to access and designed for wheelchair access – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
ATMs that provide visual, tactile, audio info to users, and utilizes higher contrast settings to make visual info more distinguishable – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
ATMs that allow users to utilize personal devices to interact with and operate ATMs – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
What are ways to make mobile devices more accessible?
- Voice recognition
- Audio output, modified gestures and tapping actions for blind people
- Options for low vision like zoom, large text, color inversion
Mobile devices providing range of options for users such as SR with modified gestures, zoom, tabbing, changing high contrast settings – is an example of which principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility of Use
Mobile devices that enable users to perceive info based on their needs, e.g. providing audio output and captions – is an example of which principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
What are some web accessibility fixes that do alter the visual appearance?
- Color contrast
- Links to skip navigation
- Cognitive disabilities – may need to simplify content down to bare minimum
