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yoshino's CPACC > Categories and Characteristics of Disabilities > Flashcards

Categories and Characteristics of Disabilities Flashcards

1
Q

What are common visual disabilities?

A
  • Blindness
  • Color vision deficiency
  • Low vision
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2
Q

What is blindness?

A

Some, nearly complete, or complete vision loss. Some people are completely blind and can’t see anything, others can see general shapes but can’t recognize people or read text.
Demographics:
- 2.2 billion worldwide have vision impairment (1 billion could have been prevented or yet to be addressed)
- leading causes: uncorrected refractive errors or cataracts
- most are 50+ y/o

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3
Q

What is color vision deficiency?

A

Person can’t distinguish certain color combinations. Most common is red-green color blindness.
Demographics
- Red/green - 1 in 12 males in US (8%), 1 in 200 females (0.5%)
- Blue/yellow - affects male/female equally, 1 in 10,000 people globally

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4
Q

What is low vision?

A

Uncorrectable vision loss interfering with daily activities; not enough vision to do what you need to do. Defined by eye professionals as permanently reduced vision that can’t be fixed with glasses, contacts, medicine, surgery
Person needs magnification to read details. Some experience low contrast or have color deficiencies.
Demographics:
- 246 million (3.5%) of world
- 90% live in low-income settings

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5
Q

What are barriers for people with visual disabilities?

A
  • Materials not available in digital files, braille, alt. formats
  • People who don’t describe navigation steps/visual info
  • Inadequate lighting
  • Sounds masking informative sounds like directional cues
  • Non-tactile signs
  • Objects in travel paths that become obstacles
  • In websites: images, controls, other meaningful elements that don’t have text alternatives
  • Texts/images/page layouts that can’t be resized/lose info when resized
  • Missing visual & non-visual orientation cues, page structure, other nav. aids
  • Video content without text/audio alternatives or audio description
  • Inconsistent, unpredictable, overly complicated nav. mechanisms & page functions
  • Text & images w/ insufficient color contrast
  • Sites/browsers that don’t let you set up custom color combos
  • Sites/browsers that don’t work fully using keyboard
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6
Q

What are solutions for people with visual disabilities in the physical environment?

A
  • Raised tiles on ground to indicate edge of a platform, pathway along sidewalk, beginning of a staircase
  • Eliminate low-hanging architectural features
  • Clear obstructions in hallways & on sidewalks
  • Info in braille on signs & controls (e.g. elevator buttons, code locks)
  • Tactile controls on flat devices like microwaves and dishwashers
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7
Q

What are solutions for people with visual disabilities in ICT?

A
  • Provide text alternatives for non-text info
  • Make sure graphics allow for magnification
  • Use color combos with high contrast
  • Don’t rely on color alone to convey meaning or info
  • Standard, consistent positioning & visual presentation of objects
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8
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with visual disabilities?

A
  • Screen readers convert text & structural info of interfaces & content to speech
  • Audio descriptions
  • Screen magnification
  • Large print
  • GPS-based nav. instructions w/ audio interface (automated or remote human navigator)
  • Mobile apps that provide audio descriptions of photos of objects/people
  • Mobile apps that scan barcodes and provide audio product info
  • Software to customize color contrast, color filter, color themes
  • Canes to help feel surroundings
  • Service animals
  • Electronic mobility aids (echolocation to notify obstacles in front)
  • Refreshable braille devices
  • OCR (optical character recognition) - scans printed doc and converts to digital text
  • Video magnifiers and CCTVs
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9
Q

What are common auditory disabilities?

A
  • Deafness
  • Hard of hearing
  • APD (Central Auditory Processing Disorder)
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10
Q

What is deafness?

A
  • Total/near total loss of hearing
  • Has difficulty with sounds, incl. audio part of media
  • First language of people born deaf is usually sign language. May be uncomfy with reading text b/c it’s 2nd language
  • People who lose hearing later in life may never learn sign language
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11
Q

What is hard of hearing?

A
  • Mild to severe hearing loss but have some useful hearing still
  • May communicate thru sign language/spoken language w/ or w/o amplification
  • Most HOH people can use phone or hearing aids
  • Demographics: 430 million have disabling hearing loss, 750k in EU use sign language as 1st language
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12
Q

What is Central Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)?

A
  • Greater than expected difficulty hearing & understanding speech even though there’s no hearing loss
  • Can be confused with ADHD, language impairment, learning disabilities, social & emotional delays, cognitive deficits
  • Inability to interpret, organize, analyze what’s heard
  • Difficulty locating source of sound, understanding what was said in loud places, following spoken directions, learning songs & instruments, paying attention, responding promptly, learning new language
  • Demographics: 5% of global population
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13
Q

What are barriers for people with auditory disabilities?

A
  • People who speak softly or in large spaces w/o mics
  • Absence of sign language interpretation
  • Loud environments/competing sounds like background noise
  • Convos, interactions, meetings where accessing communication from mult. speakers is difficult
  • Poor lighting making it hard to lip read
  • Websites/tech that require voice interaction or listening to engage with content
  • Audio in videos & films presented w/o captions/transcripts
  • Media players that don’t support captions or don’t contain options to control volume or customize size/color of captions
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14
Q

What are solutions for people with auditory disabilities?

A
  • Sign language interpretation
  • CART or STTR accurate and usable captions for videos, live online meetings, live presentations
  • Text alternatives like transcripts
  • For doorbells, alarms, alerts: provide alt. visual alerts like flashing lights
  • Quiet work environment or option to work in diff settings
  • Clear signs for meeting rooms w/ mics connected to audio induction loops
  • Spaces with good acoustics/lighting
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15
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with auditory disabilities?

A
  • Assistive listening systems & devices in meeting rooms & auditoriums
  • Personal listening devices (PLD) to connect with assistive listening systems
  • Hearing aids
  • Cochlear implants
  • Audio controls
  • Haptic alerts/feedback
  • Visual labels/notifications/alerts
  • Text to speech software
  • Sound field systems to amplify speaker voices
  • Noise canceling headphones
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16
Q

What is deaf-blindness?

A
  • Uses touch as primary means of communication
  • Includes both deafness + blindness; most retain some hearing & sight
  • Learns braille to access text and sign language and feels signing hands of other person in convos
  • Demographics: 0.2-2% of population
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17
Q

What are barriers for people with deafblindness?

A
  • Lack of printed braille in books, menus, navigation aids
  • Incorrect/incomplete output to braille keyboard in websites/other tech
  • Lack of braille transcripts of video or audio
  • Lack of tactile sign language interpretation
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18
Q

What are solutions for people with deafblindness?

A
  • Transcripts of video/audio materials in braille
  • Tactile sign language interpretation
  • Other solutions based on individual needs
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19
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with deafblindness?

A
  • Screen readers converting text to braille on refreshable braille devices
  • For audio/video: conversion of transcripts to braille
  • Printed braille
  • Haptic alerts/feedback
  • Cane
  • Service animals
  • Tactile navigation aids
  • Tactile sign language interpretation
  • Deaf-blind communicator
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20
Q

What are common speech and language disabilities?

A
  • Speech sound disorders
  • Organic speech sound disorders
  • Functional speech sound disorders
  • No speech
  • Aphasia
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21
Q

What is the difference between speech vs language disabilities?

A
  • Language disorders: may affect not only speech but ability to write, read, understand info
  • Speech disorders: only affects the way people say words and make sounds
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22
Q

What is speech sound disorders?

A
  • Mild slurred speech to complete inability to move mouth to speak
  • Ability to speak may be completely unrelated to person’s language capabilities
  • May be caused by side effect of underlying disabilities
  • Could improve, remain stable, or worsen
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23
Q

What is organic speech sound disorders?

A
  • Result from motor/neurological disorders:
  • Apraxia: person knows what they want to say but brain has difficulty planning speaking movements
  • Dysarthria: difficulty controlling muscles used to speak
  • Structural deficiencies: e.g. cleft lip palate
  • Sensory/perceptual disorders: e.g. hearing loss
  • Characteristics: slow, slurred speech, making inconsistent speech errors, distorting sounds, errors in tone, stress, rhythm
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24
Q

What is functional speech sound disorders?

A
  • Doesn’t stem from acquired or developmental disorders, have no known cause
  • Characteristics: errors in articulation (clear & distinct sounds) & phonology
  • Demographics: higher in kids (5-25% depending on age group) than adults
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25
Q

What is no speech?

A
  • Mutism, inability to speak
  • Caused by damage to brain and/or speech muscles, emotional/psychological reasons, or combination of causes
  • Neurogenic mutism is caused by brain injury, often from other organic speech/language disorders (e.g. aphasia, apraxia, dysarthria)
  • Psychogenic mutism has psychological causes, 3 types:
  • elective mutism: chooses not to speak
  • selective mutism: wants to speak but can’t in some situations b/c of anxiety
  • total mutism: doesn’t speak at all
  • Demographics: selective mutism in 0.47-0.76% of population
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26
Q

What is aphasia?

A
  • Language disorder from neurological damage
  • Affects all of language, not just speech
  • Always due to injury to brain (most commonly from stroke, esp in older people but can also happen from head trauma, brain tumors, infections)
  • Multiple types of aphasia: may not recognize words, understand what’s being said, be unable to speak or say what they mean, difficulty forming sentences & omitting words
  • Demographics: 2 million+ in USA, 250k in Britain
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27
Q

What are barriers for people with language and speech disorders?

A
  • Complex communication systems
  • Not enough time to communicate, access info, or respond
  • Lack of understanding & patience by persons when communicating (e.g. in service contexts)
  • Lack of alternatives for speech communication (e.g. multimodal or text-based alternatives)
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28
Q

What are solutions for people with language and speech disabilities?

A
  • Simplified communication methods, multiple options for communication
  • More understanding, patience, and adaptations by people when communicating
  • Additional time to complete tasks
  • Providing option to use text-based alternatives to speech to communicate
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29
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with language & speech disabilities?

A
  • Producing speech: text to speech programs or AAC (Augmentative & Alternative Communication)
  • AAC can be low tech (like pen + paper) or high tech (uses electricity, like software or smartphone)
  • Processing language: SRs can read interfaces and content and convert digital text to synthesized speech. Users can adjust speech rate, voice/pitch to get varied exposure to content when they repeat it
  • Keyboards w/ speech generating functionalities
  • Electronic communication boards with symbols or image
  • Voice carryover
  • Programs w/ writing templates, organizational tools, word prediction & spell checkers
  • Speech to text programs
  • Speech apps to allow learners to practice sounds, sentences, phrases
30
Q

What are common mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?

A
  • Manual dexterity/fine motor control
  • Ambulation
  • Muscle fatigue
  • Body size or shape
31
Q

What is manual dexterity/fine motor control?

A
  • Intricate hand & wrist movements needed to manipulate, control, and use objects, produce neat handwriting, dress independently
  • Have difficulty with things like tying shoelace, doing buttons/zippers, using keyboard, handwriting, picking up small objects, using both hands simultaneously
  • Demographics: common in older people, people with autism or ADHD, people with ataxia (loss of fine motor skills from neurological damage like stroke)
32
Q

What is ambulation?

A
  • Ability to walk from place to place independently with or without assistive device
  • Could be from congenital conditions, disease, injury (e.g. cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disorders, amputation, arthritis, back injuries)
  • Demographics: 11% of adults in US have mobility disabilities
33
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A
  • Overwhelming sense of tiredness, lack of energy & feeling of exhaustion, difficulty performing voluntary tasks
34
Q

What is body size or shape disability?

A

Caused by disorders that affect person’s stature, proportions, or shape (e.g. acromegaly, dwarfism, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity)

35
Q

What are barriers for people with mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?

A
  • Seating that’s too small or at wrong height
  • Appliances out of reach or require touch instead of voice commands
  • Narrow walkways, doorways, passages, aisles
  • Tasks that require fine motor skills like small/round door handles
  • Tasks that require accuracy like small buttons, switches, dials
  • Tasks that require strength like heavy doors
  • High shelves/high counters
  • Tables w/o knee & toe clearance
  • Products/equipment that require standing position or difficult to reach (e.g. ATMs, healthcare/workplace equipment)
  • Steps, thresholds, other obstacles to gain entry to space
  • Requiring specific interaction like keyboard or mouse
  • Small, tightly grouped touch targets
36
Q

What are solutions for people with mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?

A
  • Universally designed entrances to buildings (level access, wide entrances)
  • Clearly defined, wide, and unobstructed paths of travel
  • Large enough click targets
  • Not placing elements too close to each other in interface
  • Ensuring objects in environment have enough space and size for reach & use
37
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities in physical environments?

A
  • Walkers, canes, crutches
  • Manual & electric wheelchairs, motorized scooters
  • Stairs, lifts, elevators
  • Exoskeletons
  • Stepladders
  • Grab/rail/handlebars
  • Reachers
  • Touch or voice operated light fixtures
38
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities in ICT?

A
  • Switch devices replacing keyboard & mouse
  • Adaptive/customizable keyboards
  • Voice control
  • Eye tracking
  • Speech to text software
  • Head wand
  • Oversized mouse or trackball
  • Adjustable position displays
39
Q

What are cognitive disabilities?

A
  • Affects one or more mental functions (attention, memory, psychomotor, emotional, perceptual, thought, calculation)
  • Cognitive processes are affected by internal & external factors like stress, sleep deprivation
  • May occur on their own or result from conditions/injuries
  • Degree of mental functioning varies between people
40
Q

What are common cognitive disabilities?

A
  • Intellectual disabilities
  • Reading & dyslexia
  • Math & computation (dyscalculia, dysgraphia)
  • ADHD
  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
  • Non-verbal learning disability
41
Q

What are intellectual disabilities?

A
  • Significant limitations in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving)
  • aka learning disabilities
  • Deficits in intellectual functioning (IQ below 70-75)
  • Impairments in adaptive behavior (skills needed to independently manage daily tasks + social skills)
  • Manifests during childhood, diagnosed before 22
  • Face challenges in adaptive behavior (conceptual skills + social skills + practical skills)
  • Demographics: 200 million worldwide
42
Q

What are reading disabilities & dyslexia?

A
  • Affects ability to read
  • Difficulty with phonological processing, spelling, rapid visual verbal responding
  • Adult-onset dyslexia usually from brain injury or dementia
  • Could be inherited
  • Demographics: dyslexia is one of most common language based learning disabilities; of people with reading difficulties, 70-80% have some sort of dyslexia; 5-10% of population (could be as high as 17%); equally in boys & girls
43
Q

What are math & computation disabilities?

A
  • Impact ability to learn & communicate math
  • Dyscalculia: inability to understand arithmetic
  • Dysgraphia: inability to draw/copy figures
  • Could be present from birth or from injury/disease/aging
  • Common signs: trouble understanding concepts like biggest/smallest, understanding 5 is same as five, times tables, counting money, estimating time, judging speed/distance, understanding logic behind math
  • Demographics: 3-6%
44
Q

What is ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)?

A
  • 2 groups of symptoms: inattention/distraction and hyperactive/impulsive
  • Not all have symptoms in both categories
  • Most diagnosed as children
  • Demographics: 2-7% globally in kids, 4% in adults
45
Q

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A
  • Group of complex brain development disorders (e.g. difficulties in social interaction & communication, restricted & repetitive repertoire of interests)
  • Aspergers no longer separate but part of ASD
  • For diagnosis, symptoms must have significant consequences for functioning in social settings/work/school + occurred during childhood
  • It’s a spectrum so degree & manifestation of symptoms vary
  • Demographics: 1 in 100 people
46
Q

What are non-verbal learning disabilities?

A
  • Like Aspergers but less severe
  • Have normal intelligence & language development but have trouble with social skills, sensory input, making transitions
  • Demographics: 1 in 100 (1%) in US, affects boys & girls equally
47
Q

What are barriers for people with cognitive disabilities?

A
  • Finding important info
  • Filling out forms
  • Managing passwords
  • Understanding info
  • Understanding & using controls
  • Keeping focused
  • Info overload from cluttered design/too much text elements
  • Time outs that cause stress
48
Q

What are solutions for people with cognitive disabilities in general?

A
  • Allow adequate time to prepare for tasks & take in new info
  • Check for understanding and give feedback
  • Minimize background noise
  • Provide structure & clear instructions
  • Use plain language/easy to read
49
Q

What are solutions for people with cognitive disabilities in the physical environment?

A
  • Key rooms should be easy to find
  • Simple & intuitive accessible routes
  • Large, clear, easy to understand signage
  • Easy to follow wayfinding
50
Q

What are solutions for people with cognitive disabilities in ICT?

A
  • Simplified content
  • Distraction free interfaces
  • Provide content in diff. mediums - text, audio, images
  • Allow adequate time to complete tasks
  • Highlight info that’s most important for user
  • Enable personalized settings
51
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with cognitive disabilities?

A
  • AT not specific to certain conditions, but assist with certain tasks
  • For attention and focusing:
    • Computer based prompting apps to stay on task
    • Productivity apps for organizing tasks
    • To do lists
    • Time management apps
    • Task management apps for breaking down tasks into steps
  • For memory:
    • Audio prompting devices to assist with memory
    • Auto-complete for web-based forms
    • Password managers
    • Audio note takers & reminders
    • Apps/technology providing cues for actions
  • For perceptual functions:
    • Directing finding apps
  • For emotional functions:
    • Apps for mindfulness
    • Apps for anxiety management
  • For reading & writing:
    • Audiobooks/reading software
    • Speech synthesizer/SRs
    • Word prediction/lookup
    • Visual/audio alternatives to text in signage, messages, instructions
    • Speech recognition software
  • For communication:
    • AAC
    • Synchronized speech & highlighting
    • Computerized voice output communication aids
    • Computer-assisted instruction for word recognition, math, spelling, social skills
52
Q

What are common types of seizure disabilities?

A
  • General seizure disorders
  • Photosensitive epilepsy
53
Q

What are general seizure disorders?

A
  • Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in brain
  • Can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, levels of consciousness
  • Epilepsy = if someone has 2+ seizures or recurring
  • Demographics: 50 million globally (most common neurological disease)
54
Q

What is photosensitive epilepsy?

A
  • Seizures are triggered by flashing or flickering lights/patterns
  • 2 types: (1) seizures only triggered by flashing lights, (2) seizures triggered by lights and also have them other times
  • Lights that flash b/w 16-25 times/sec most likely to trigger seizures (but some as low as 3 or as high as 60)
  • Patterns with high contrast or some that move are more likely to trigger seizures
  • Demographics: approx 3% of population
55
Q

What are barriers for people with seizure disorders?

A
  • Activities where losing consciousness could cause severe harm (e.g. swimming, bath, power tools)
  • Moving, blinking, flickering content in videos, films, websites
  • Web browsers & media players that don’t provide controls to stop video/animations
56
Q

What are solutions for people with seizure disorders?

A
  • Web pages that don’t contain anything that flashes more than 3 times/sec
57
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with seizure disorders?

A
  • Mobile digital diary apps with reminders
  • Smart watches that detect seizures and send alerts/provide GPS location
  • Service animals
  • Wearables with alert button to call for help
  • Supportive gear & protective wear in case of fall
  • Flicker free monitors
  • Monitor glare guards
  • Non glare glasses
58
Q

What are common types of psychological disabilities?

A
  • Anxiety disorders (panic disorders, phobias)
  • Mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorder)
  • Psychotic disorders (schizophrenia)
59
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A
  • More than temporary worry/fear; anxiety doesn’t go away and can get worse over time
  • Interferes w/ daily activities like job, school, relationships
  • Several types: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, phobias
  • Demographics: 2.5-7% (varies by country)
  • Most prevalent mental health disorder
60
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A
  • Persistent feeling of anxiety or dread interfering with daily life
  • Frequent anxiety for months, years
  • Feeling restless, difficulty concentrating, easily fatigued, sleep problems, headaches
61
Q

What is panic disorder?

A
  • Frequent, unexpected panic attacks - sudden periods of intense fear, discomfort, sense of losing control even when there is no clear danger
  • Pounding, racing heart, sweating, trembling, chest pain, feelings of impending doom, feelings of being out of control
62
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A
  • Intense, persistent fear or being watched/judged by others
  • Fear of social situations can be so intense it’s beyond control
  • Feeling self-conscious, embarrassed, awkward in front of others, blushing/sweating/rapid heart rate, feeling nauseous, rigid body posture, little eye contact, overly soft voice
63
Q

What is a mood disorder?

A
  • Affects emotional state
  • Could fluctuate b/w extreme sadness and happiness, prolonged periods of sadness, loss of interest in activities
  • Most common: depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affect disorder, self-harm
64
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A
  • Extreme mood swings
  • Episodes of depression/low energy and episodes of mania (high & overactive)
  • Each episode may last weeks
  • Demographics: 19 million people worldwide
65
Q

What is a psychotic disorder?

A
  • Affects a person’s thinking and perceptions
  • Psychosis - people lose touch with reality
  • Schizophrenia - one type of psychotic disorder
  • Psychotic symptoms can also occur in mental disorders like BPD, or strokes, brain tumor, alcohol, drug addition
  • 2 main symptoms: delusions & hallucinations
  • People with schizophrenia may also have trouble using info, making decisions, paying attention
  • Demographics: 24 million people worldwide (1 in 300)
66
Q

What are barriers for people with psychological disabilities?

A
  • Limited availability & affordability of mental healthcare
  • Lack of knowledge among healthcare providers for accurate diagnoses & treatment
  • Social stigma
  • Lack of support for cognitive challenges
  • Students: lack of support for emotional, behavioral, and/or cognitive challenges at school
67
Q

What are solutions for people with psychological disabilities?

A
  • Solutions for people with cognitive disabilities can apply to people with psychological disabilities
68
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with psychological disabilities?

A
  • Apps with mood, stress, and anxiety management tools
  • Memory aids
  • Text to speech software
  • Reminder devices
  • Voice recognition software
  • Noise monitoring devices
69
Q

What are multiple/complex disabilities?

A
  • When more than 1 disability is present
  • Can include physical, mental, or combination
  • This category is used for students with most profound disabilities in education
  • Characteristics often defined within educational context
  • Typically children with mult. disabilities show deficits in: intellectual functioning, adaptive skills, motor skills, sensory functioning, communication skills
  • Demographics: 10-15% of people with disabilities have complex needs
70
Q

What are assistive technologies for people with multiple/complex disabilities?

A
  • Programmable keyboards
  • Writing support tools
  • Communication aids
  • Text to braille translation software
  • Other adaptive equipment

yoshino's CPACC (2 decks)

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