Accessibility Standards and Laws Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
A
- UN adopted in 1948 after WWII
- First of its kind to establish fundamental human rights
- Foundation of international human rights laws
- Spells out reasons for the document & 30 articles that state fundamental human rights ranging from right to life, liberty, equality, spiritual and political freedoms, to social, cultural, and economic rights
2
Q
What is the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)?
A
- Adopted in 2006, opened for signature 2007, entered into force 2008 with optional protocol
- Most important political and democratic expression of will to grant equal human rights to people with disabilities at global level
- Pushes and monitors nat’l legislation, administration and implementation and provision of Accessibility, AT, and universal design
- Key instrument for people with disabilities to fight discrimination and exclusion and promote inclusion, accessibility, and equal opportunities
3
Q
What is the Marrakesh Treaty?
A
- Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons who are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled
- For people with print disabilities
- Aims to end “book famine” faced by people with print disabilities
- Creates copyright exception so ppl with print disability don’t need to seek permission to create accessible formats of copyrighted materials
4
Q
What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?
A
- Unifies fundamental personal freedoms and rights of all EU citizens
- Recognizes and respects right of ppl with disabilities, their integration/participation in society, and non-discrimination
- Preceded by other European treaties: (1) European Convention on Human Rights - grants fundamental civil & political rights to everyone + (2) European Social Charter - guarantees fundamental social & economic rights and independence, social integration to people with disabilities
5
Q
What is the African Charter on Human & People’s Rights?
A
- Recognizes rights of all people, although it doesn’t specify disability
- African Disability Rights Protocol was adopted in 2018: protects human rights of ppl with disabilities + specific provisions about armed conflicts & forced displacements and broader provisions on harmful practices
- Hasn’t reached 15 ratifications needed to come into force as of 2023
6
Q
What is the Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities?
A
- adopted 1999, before CRPD in Guatemala as first regional treaty prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities
- Reaffirmed that people with disabilities have same rights and freedoms as other people
- Talks about eliminating discrimination, accessiblity for buildings + transportation
7
Q
What are civil rights laws?
A
- Based on social disability model and attempt to secure equal rights for people with disabilities by requiring social institutions (gov’ts, corporations, educational institutions, etc.) to reduce/eliminate discriminatory disabling conditions in society
- Focus on equality rather than fostering social welfare provisions
- Recognize that people with disabilities are people with rights, not problems
8
Q
What is the Equality Act 2010?
A
- Passed in UK in 2010, purpose was to unify and strengthen anti-discrimination laws in workplace & society
- Prohibits direct & indirect discrimination based on protected characteristics, incl. disability
- Specific provisions relate to accessible transport, accessibility for students with disabilities, sets limits on when employers can ask applications about disability or health
9
Q
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?
A
- Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, architectural design, transportation, exams, and other services offering “public accommodation”
- Says nothing about web accessibility explicitly but often used as basis for legal complaint because of word “public accommodation”
- Title II: state & local gov’ts, Title III: private places of “public accommodation”
- Enforced by US Dept of Justice Civil Rights Division (for education institutions, US Dept of Education Office of Civil Rights)
10
Q
What is the Ontarians with Disabilities Act of 2001?
A
- Ensures rights of people with disabilities to equal opportunities and to prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability
11
Q
What is the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA)?
A
- Applies to every person or org in the public and private sectors of the Province of Ontario
12
Q
What is the EU Employment Equality Directive?
A
- Adopted 2000, prohibits discrimination based on disability in employment and occupation and requires reasonable accommodation for people with disabilities
- Anti-Discrimination Directed (for realms outside of employment) was proposed but not adopted. In healthcare, EU members fall into 4 categories: (1) prohibits discrimination, (2) requires reasonable accommodation, (3) both, (4) neither
13
Q
What is Japan’s Act on the Elimination of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities?
A
- Est 2013
- Prohibits discrimination based on disability and requires orgs & private entities to provide necessary accommodations that remove barriers that ppl with disabilities face
14
Q
What are procurement laws?
A
Refers to process of gov’t entities purchasing goods/services from external sources
15
Q
What is Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act in the U.S.?
A
Require U.S. gov’t to take accessibility into account when procuring information technologies. Applies to anyone working with gov’t also
16
Q
What is the U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulation?
A
- Section 508 applied to federal gov’t & agencies
- Federal employees with disabilities should have equivalent to access to info as people without disabilities
- People with disabilities looking for info from federal gov’t/agency should have equivalent access to info
17
Q
What is the European Web Accessibility Directive (Directive 2016/2102)?
A
- Establishes accessibility requirements that the public sector must have for websites & mobile apps
- Doesn’t require procurement of accessible solutions (unlike Section 508 of U.S.)
- Requires websites/apps must be accessible, accessibility statement, method for users to report accessibility issues, and link to enforcement procedures
- Refers directly to European standard EN 301 549
18
Q
What is Europe’s EN 301 549 standard?
A
- European Web Accessibility Directive refers to it
- Originally created to provide accessibility requirements for all ICT products/services
- Set up to create equal European procurement requirements in terms of accessibility
- Like Section 508 in U.S.
- Parts of it refer to WCAG 2.1 level AA and additional requirements for downloadable docs, mobile apps, biometrics, 2-way voice communication, accessibility documentation, support services
19
Q
What is EU Directive 2019/882?
A
- Like European Web Accessibility Directive/EU Directive 2016/2102 but applies for private sector
- E-commerce, banking, e-books, electronics
- Does not directly refer to EU Standard EN 301 549
20
Q
What is the European Accessibility Act (EAA)?
A
- Adopted 2019, like ADA in U.S.
- Common set of accessibility guidelines for EU member states
- Identifies products/services identified as most important for people with disabilities (e.g. computers, ATMs, ticketing/check-in machines, smartphones, TV equipment, phone services, access to audio-visual media services, transportation, banking, e-books, e-commerce)
- Common rules that must be applied from 2025, incl. requirements for private businesses
- Non-gov’t orgs, national authority, or other bodies are allow to go to court on behalf of a person under national law
- Permits penalties for failure to comply
- EU member states are each responsible for enforcing
21
Q
What is the EU Procurement Directive (Directive 2014/24/EU)?
A
- Technical specifications of something being procured has to take accessibility into account
- A supplier could be excluded from contract if they violate accessibility rules
- Electronic means of communication should also take accessibility into account
22
Q
What is the U.S. Federal Communications Commission’s 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA) of 2010?
A
- Makes sure accessibility laws from 80s & 90s are brought up to date with 21st century technologies
- Applies to all entities covered by FCC regulations (telecommunication providers and TV broadcasters & providers)
- Enforced by consumers filing formal complaints
23
Q
What is U.S. Congress’s Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA)?
A
- Prohibits discrimination on basis of disability in air travel and requires air carriers to accommodate passengers with disabilities
- Public-facing content of websites must conform to WCAG AA (all U.S. carriers and foreign carriers’ pages used to sell to U.S.)
- Applies to U.S. and foreign air carriers operating within or to U.S.
- Enforced by consumers filing formal complaints
24
Q
What is U.S. Congress’s Air Carrier Access Amendments Act of 2017?
A
- Makes sure ACAA is up to date to 21st century
25
Q
What is the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD)?
A
- Governs EU wide coordination of national legislation on all audiovisual media
- Services by media service providers have to be made accessible to persons with disabilities through proportionate measures
- Emergency info must be made accessible
- Encourages media service providers to develop accessibility action plans
26
Q
What is the European Electronic Communications Code (EU Directive 2018/1972)?
A
- Lays out rules that facilitate provision of high quality, secure, and affordable telecommunication services throughout Europe, including providing equivalent access to users with disabilities
- Service info (e.g. price, summary) and easily readable contract summary are in accessible format
- Accessible missing children/child helpline hotlines and emergency services and emergency communication
- Requires support for consumers with disabilities and specific equipment for equal access should be available & affordable
27
Q
What is the EU eIDAS regulation?
A
- Regulation on electronic identification and trust services
- Trust services like electronic signatures & end-user products are accessible for people with disabilities
28
Q
What is the French Law 2005-102?
A
- Like U.S. ADA
- Ensuring physical and digital accessibility for people with disabilities
- French gov’t sites & public services have to comply with RGAA (like WCAG AA)
29
Q
What is Germany’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Has BITV 2 (modified version of WCAG)
30
Q
What is Ireland’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Gov’t sites must comply with Code of Practice on Accessibility of Public Services & Information provided by Public Bodies (based on WCAG)
31
Q
What is Italy’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Gov’t sites must comply with Law 4/2004 (Stanca Law), based on WCAG 2.0, AA
32
Q
What is Netherland’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- All gov’t websites & apps must comply with WCAG AA
- Many private websites need to be accessible by 2025
33
Q
What is Spain’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Gov’t websites must comply with Law 34/2002, Law 51/2003, based on WCAG 2.0, Level AA
34
Q
What is Quebec’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Gov’t websites must comply with Standards sur l’accessibilite du Web (modified version of WCAG 2.0, Level AA)
35
Q
What is Australia’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Gov’t and non-gov’t websites need to comply with WCAG 2.0 Level AA
36
Q
What is Hong Kong’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Gov’t websites must comply with WCAG Level AA
37
Q
What is India’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Gov’t websites must comply with WCAG Level AA
38
Q
What is Japan’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Central & local gov’t websites must comply with Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) X 8341 (“Guidelines for older persons and persons with disabilities - Information and communications equipment, software & services”), based on WCAG
39
Q
What is New Zealand’s digital accessibility requirement?
A
- Gov’t websites must comply with Web Accessibility Standard 1.1 (based on WCAG 2.1) and Web Usability Standard 1.3
