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Biology 30 > Units 9-12: Cell Division > Flashcards

Units 9-12: Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

A continuous sequence of cell growth and division; the life cycle of a cell.

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2
Q

Somatic Cell

A

Any of the cells of a multicellular organism except those that form gametes.

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3
Q

Parent Cell

A

Original cell that divides to produce two new daughter cells during cell division.

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4
Q

Daughter Cell

A

Any one of two cells produced from the division of a parent cell.

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5
Q

DNA

A

Genetic information is contained in DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid.

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA is found in chromosomes. Chromosomes are lengths of DNA and its associated proteins.

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7
Q

Histone

A

Protein found in chromosomes; acts as scaffold around which DNA winds, enabling it to fit within the small space of the nucleus.

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8
Q

Chromatin

A

Long fibres that form chromosomes and contain DNA, a small amount of RNA, and various proteins; non-condensed form of genetic material that predominates for most of the cell cycle.

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9
Q

Centromere

A

The point at which two sister chromatids of a chromosome are joined and to which the spindle fibres are attached during mitosis.

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10
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosome that contains the same gene sequence as another, but that may nor be made up of the same alleles; human somatic cells have 22 pairs of these, known as autosomes. Females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes and males have an X and a Y sex chromosome which are not homologous.

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11
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosome other than a sex chromosome; human somatic cells have 22 pairs of these.

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12
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

X or Y chromosome that carries the genes involved in determining the genetic sex of an individual.

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13
Q

Allele

A

Different form of the same gene occurring on homologous chromosomes.

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14
Q

Gene

A

Area of DNA that contain specific genetic information.

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15
Q

Locus

A

Specific location on a chromosome. Position of gene on a chromosome.

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16
Q

Diploid

A

Describing a cell that contains two pairs of every chromosome. Designated as 2n. Somatic cells are diploid.

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17
Q

Haploid

A

Describing a cell containing half the number of chromosomes (n) that the diploid parent cell contains. Gametes are haploid.

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18
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive cell.

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19
Q

Polyploid

A

Sets of more than two homologous chromosomes of each type. Including triploids and octoploids.

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20
Q

Karyotype

A

The particular set of chromosomes that an individual possesses.

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21
Q

Interphase

A

The growth stage of the cell cycle. Consists of G1, S, and G2.

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22
Q

G1 Phase

A

Rapid growth and metabolic activity.

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23
Q

S Phase

A

DNA synthesis and replication.

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24
Q

G2 Phase

A

Cell prepares for division. Ensures energy and structures required are prepared for cell division.

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25
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Two chromatids in a chromosome that are genetically identical and are held together by a centromere.

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26
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of the genetic material and the contents of the nucleus into two complete and separate sets.

Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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27
Q

Cell Division

A

Consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.

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28
Q

Cell Division

A

Consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.

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29
Q

Prophase

A

The chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes.

Centrioles migrate to opposite poles, spindle fibers form between. Nuclear membrane disappears.

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30
Q

Centriole

A

One of a pair of cylindrical organelles that moves to opposite poles of the cell during prophase of mitosis; provides an attachment for he spindle apparatus.

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31
Q

Spindle Apparatus

A

Network of spindle fibers made of micro protein tubules which facilitate the movement of chromosomes within a cell. Made of microtubule subunits which add to lengthen and are removed to shorten.

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32
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers guide chromosomes to equator of the cell; attaching the centromere of each chromosome. One sister chromatid facing one side, the other facing the other side.

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33
Q

Anaphase

A

Each centromere splits and sister chromatids separate from one another. Spindle fibers shorten, bringing chromosomes to opposite poles. Spindle apparatus lengthens, separating the cell into two.

34
Q

Telophase

A

Chromatids reach opposite poles and begin to unwind into strands of chromatin. Spindle fibers break down. Nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes and a nucleolus forms inside new nucleus.

35
Q

Cell division in plant cells

A

Do not have centrioles but do have spindle apparatus.
Rigid cell wall of a plant is much stronger than the membrane of an animal cell. - cell plate forms between two daughter nuclei during cytokinesis.

36
Q

Cell Plate

A

Structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of new plasma membranes and cell walls.

37
Q

Regulation of Cell Cycle

A

Protein interactions serve as “start” and “stop” signals.

Presence of hormones, availability of nutrients, and contact with other cells.

38
Q

Cancer

A

Group of diseases associated with uncontrolled, rapid cell division.
Results in fast growing mass of non-functional cells called tumors.

39
Q

Meiosis

A

The process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells.

40
Q

Reduction Division

A

Form of cell division that produces daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than the parent cells.

41
Q

Recombination

A

Products of meiosis have different combinations of genes. Genetic recombination gives rise to offspring that are genetically distinct from one another and their parents.

When homologous pairs line up they exchange genes in two ways; independent assortment and crossing over.

42
Q

Phases of Meiosis

A

Experiences two complete rounds of all four phases of mitosis. Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

43
Q

Germ Cells

A

Gamete producing cells. Go through interphase before going through meiosis.

44
Q

Prophase I

A

Synapsis occurs. Tetrads with non-sister chromatids lie side by side.

45
Q

Synapsis

A

Aligning of homologous chromosomes side-by-side during prophase I in meiosis.

46
Q

Tetrad

A

A homologous pair formed during prophase I

47
Q

Non-Sister Chromatids

A

In a tetrad, those chromatids that do not belong to the same chromosome; undergo crossing over during prophase I of meiosis.

48
Q

Telophase I

A

Not always occurring. Homologous chromosomes begin to uncoil and spindle fibers disappear. Cytoplasm is divided, nuclear membranes are formed around each group of homologous chromosomes. Two haploid cells containing one set of sister chromatids are formed.

Chromosome replication does not take place before meiosis II.

49
Q

Meiosis II

A

The phases of meiosis II are similar to phases of mitosis. Prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II. Cells entering meiosis II are replicated chromosome haploid cells. Daughter cells are unreplicated chromosome haploid cells.

50
Q

Meiosis II

A

The phases of meiosis II are similar to phases of mitosis. Prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II. Cells entering meiosis II are replicated chromosome haploid cells. Daughter cells are unreplicated chromosome haploid cells.

51
Q

Crossing Over

A

The process by which non-sister chromatids exchange genes during prophase I of meiosis, allowing for the recombination of genes.

52
Q

Crossing Over

A

The process by which non-sister chromatids exchange genes during prophase I of meiosis, allowing for the recombination of genes.

53
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Occurs during anaphases I and II.
Anaphase I: homologous pair is pulled toward the same pole.
Anaphase II: sister chromatids are pulled toward the same pole.
Results in a lack (monosomy) or surplus (trisomy) of chromosomes in a gamete.

54
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The process of male gamete production in animals.

55
Q

Oogenesis

A

The process of female gamete production in animals.

56
Q

Secondary Spermatocytes

A

Each of two cells produced as a result of a primary spermatocyte undergoing meiosis I.

57
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A

One of two daughter cells formed by division of the spermatogonia; the other daughter cell replenishes the spermatogonia population.

58
Q

Secondary Oocyte

A

Cell that receives the larger portion of cytoplasm when a primary oocyte undergoes asymmetrical cytokinesis during meiosis I; becomes the egg.

59
Q

Second Polar Body

A

One of a pair of cells that results when a secondary oocyte undergoes asymmetrical cytokinesis during meiosis II; is not a viable gamete.

60
Q

Oogonium

A

The diploid germ cell from which eggs are produced in the ovaries.

61
Q

Primary Oocyte

A

Each of two cells formed when an oogonium undergoes mitosis.

62
Q

First Polar Body

A

Cell that receives the smaller portion of cytoplasm when a primary oocyte undergoes asymmetrical cytokinesis during meiosis I; is not functional and soon degenerates.

63
Q

Second Polar Body

A

One of a pair of cells that results when a secondary oocyte undergoes asymmetrical cytokinesis during meiosis II; is not a viable gamete.

64
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

Two secondary oocytes are released at ovulation and each are fertilized.

65
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

Two secondary oocytes are released at ovulation and each are fertilized.

66
Q

Identical Twins

A

A zygote or blastocyte which divides into two bodies within the first few days of embryonic development.

67
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that requires only one parent and does not involve gametes; produces genetically identical offspring.

68
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction involving meiosis, gamete formation and fertilization; produces genetically distinct offspring.

69
Q

Binary Fission

A

Takes place in bacteria and other prokaryotes with no nucleus.
Asexual reproductive process of cell division in bacteria; produces genetically identical populations.

70
Q

Conjugation

A

Takes place in bacteria and other prokaryotes.
In microorganisms,, a process of reproduction that involves the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by cell-to-cell contact through a bridging structure called a pilus. Produces genetically different populations.

71
Q

Pilus

A

Extensions of a bacterial cell enabling it to transfer genetic materials from one individual to another through the process of conjugation.

72
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Examples: Mosses, ferns, conifers.
Each generation alternates from haploid to diploid organisms.
Sporophyte > meiosis > spores > mitosis > gametophyte > mitosis > gametes

73
Q

Vegetative Reproduction

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which a new plant grows from a modified stem.

74
Q

Fragmentation

A

Form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism is created from a fragment of a parent organism.

75
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Term describing the life cycle of a plant that alternates between a diploid sporophyte generation and a haploid gametophyte generation.

Examples: Mosses, ferns, conifers.

76
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid generation of a plant; produces male and female gametes that fuse at fertilization to form a diploid sporophyte.

77
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid generation of a plant that produces haploid spores (through the process of meiosis) that develop without fertilization into a gametophyte.

78
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A needle if used to extract amniotic fluid from the uterus. The fluid is placed in a nutrient rich medium and the cells are allowed to multiply. When the sample is large enough, it can be karyotyped.

79
Q

Chorionic Villus Biopsy

A

Cells from the chorion are removed and can be used to prepare a karyotype.

80
Q

Chiasmata

A

The place in the tetrad where the non-sister chromatids make contact.

81
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Spontaneous development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell.

Biology 30 (9 decks)

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