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Biology 30 > Units 7-8: Human Developement > Flashcards

Units 7-8: Human Developement Flashcards

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1
Q

Embryonic Period of Development

A

First eight weeks of the first trimester.
Cells divide, tissues, organs, and structures that sustain the fetus are formed.
The period of differentiation.

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2
Q

Fetal Period of Development

A

Start of the ninth week through to birth.

Body grows rapidly and organs begin to function and create systems.

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3
Q

Fertilization

A

Joining of male and female gametes to form a cell with 46 chromosomes.
Acrosome digests the corona radiata and zona pellucida within 24 hours, depolarizing the egg’s plasma membrane and creating a zygote.

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4
Q

Zygote

A

Cell formed by the union of two gametes; the product of fertilization; has 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes (diploid).

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5
Q

Cleavage

A

Cell division without enlargement.
Takes place in the zygote within 30h of fertilization.
2-8( 16) cells

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6
Q

Morula

A

Sphere of 16 cells - developing zygote.

Reaches the uterus within 3-5 days of fertilization.

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7
Q

Blastocyst

A

After the Morula
Emplanted into the wall of the uterus; nearly hollow sphere; made of two groups of cells: trophoblast and inner cell mass.

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8
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outside layer of blastocyst.

Trophoblast > Chorion > Placenta

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9
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A

Develops into the embryo.

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10
Q

Implantation

A

Nestling of the blastocyst into the endometrium.
Trophoblast releases enzymes that digest tissues and blood vessels.
Inner cell mass rests against the endometrium on the other side of the trophoblast.
Trophoblast secretes hCG which maintains the corpus luteum.

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11
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

Hormone secreted by the trophoblast. Has the same effects as LH.
Maintains the corpus luteum. (continues the production of estrogen and progesterone, maintains the endometrium)

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12
Q

Amniotic Cavity

A

Space between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast.

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13
Q

Embryonic Disk

A

Formed by inner cell mass. Supported by a short stalk connecting to the endometrium.
Consists of two layers; ectoderm (outer) and endoderm.
Another layer comes later: mesoderm (between the two).

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14
Q

Gastrulation

A

The forming of the primary germ layers in the embryonic disk.
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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15
Q

Morphogenesis

A

The series of events that form distinct structures of a developing organism.
Beginning is marked by gastrulation.

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16
Q

Differentiation

A

Cellular process that enables a cell to develop a particular shape and to perform specific functions that are different from the functions of other cells.

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17
Q

Ectoderm (Outer Primary Germ Layer)

A

Epidermis and associated structures (hair, nails, sweat and mammary glands), nervous tissue and sense organs, pituitary gland, tooth enamel, adrenal medulla, eye lens.

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18
Q

Mesoderm (Middle Primary Germ Layer)

A

Dermis of skin, cellular lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and body cavities, muscle tissue, connective tissue, adrenal cortex, heart, internal reproductive organs, kidneys and ureters, spleen.

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19
Q

Endoderm (Inner Primary Germ Layer)

A

Cellular lining of respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary bladder, urethra, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thymus, tonsils, parathyroid glands, thyroid glands.

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20
Q

Notochord

A

The thick band of cells formed by the mesoderm that create the framework for the skeleton.

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21
Q

Neurulation

A

Process of forming the neural tube which develops into the brain and spinal cord.
Marks the beginning of organ formation.

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22
Q

Extra-Embryotic Membranes

A 
Any intricate system of membranes external to the embryo; responsible for the protection, nutrition, respiration, and excretion of the embryo and fetus.
Amnion 
Yolk sac
Allantois 
Chorion
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23
Q

Allontois

A

Foundation of umbilical cord. During the second month it degenerates to form part of the urinary bladder.

24
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

Protects the embryo from trauma and temperature fluctuations, allows freedom of movement, prevents limbs from sticking to the body.

25
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membrane. Encloses all other extra-embryotic membranes and the embryo.
Forms the fetal portion of the placenta.

26
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

Protects the embryo from trauma and temperature fluctuations, allows freedom of movement, prevents limbs from sticking to the body.

27
Q

Amnion

A

Forms a transparent sac that encloses and protects the embryo and fetus.

28
Q

Placenta

A

Disk shaped organ within the uterus that is rich in blood vessels; attaches the embryo or fetus to the uterine wall and facilitates metabolic exchange.
Made of the chorion tissue and blood pools from the from the mother. (placed closely together to allow for diffusion of nutrients and waste)

29
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

Flexible, spiral twisted tube that connects the abdomen of a fetus to the mother’s placenta in the uterus, nutrients are delivered and waste is expelled.
Two arteries, one vein. Vein is longer than arteries and carries oxygenated blood.

30
Q

Nutritional Functions of the Placenta

A

Transports nutrients from the mother’s blood to the fetus’s blood.
Stores nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, iron, and calcium, in early pregnancy for later when the fetal demand is greater than the mother can absorb from her diet.

31
Q

Excretory Functions of the Placenta

A

Transports waste such as urea, ammonia, and creatinine from the fetal blood to the mother’s blood.

32
Q

Respiratory Functions of the Placenta

A

Transports oxygen from the mother to the fetus and carbon dioxide from the fetus to the mother.

33
Q

Immune Functions of the Placenta

A

Transports antibodies from the mother into the fetus’s blood to provide passive immunity.

34
Q

Teratogen

A

Any agent that causes a structural abnormality of the developing fetus due to exposure during pregnancy.

35
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

A

Term used to describe all the disorders related to alcohol consumption during pregnancy; includes the more commonly known clinical disorder called fetal alcohol syndrome.

36
Q

Examples of Teratogenic Substances

A 
Cigarettes, alcohol, over-the-counter drugs, antibiotics, acne medications, anti-thyroid drugs, anti-cancer drugs, thalidomide. 
Certain nutrients (too much can create a dependence and vitamin deficient babies)
Radiation. Contaminants in environmental conditions (pollution).
37
Q

Parturition

A

The act or process of giving birth to young.

38
Q

Dilation Stage

A

Uterine contractions and oxytocin cause the cervix to open, or dilate. The amniotic sac breaks and the amniotic fluid is released through the vagina. The dilation stage lasts from 2-20 hours.

39
Q

Explusion Stage

A

Forceful contractions push the baby through the cervix to the birth canal. As the baby moves through the canal, the head rotates, making it easier for the body to pass through the birth canal. Lasts from 0.5-2 hours.

40
Q

Placental Stage

A

About 10-15 minutes after the baby is born, the placenta and umbilical cord are expelled from the uterus. The expelled placenta is called the afterbirth.

41
Q

Lactation

A

Secretion and formation of breast milk in the mother.

42
Q

Stem Cells

A

Adult Stem Cells: Found at any age, can be made to develop into a wide range of specialized cells, cells can be matched to individuals
Embryonic Stem Cells: Made from embryos 4-5 days after fertilization, declared unethical.

43
Q

Reproductive Technologies

A

Any technology that enhances or reduces reproductive potential.

44
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

Egg is removed from the mother combined with sperm, and placed in the mother’s uterus two days later.

45
Q

Sterile

A

A term used to describe men and women who are unable to have children.

46
Q

Infertile

A

Men and women who have difficulty conceiving children. Unsuccessfully tried to become pregnant for a year or more.

47
Q

Causes of Infertility in Men

A

Obstruction in the ductus deferens or epididymis due to complications with STI
low sperm count caused by overheated testicles, smoking, and alcohol intake
High proportion of non-viable sperm caused by overheated testicles/exposure to toxic chemicals
Inability to achieve an erection.

48
Q

Causes of Infertility In Women

A 
Blocked oviducts (STI)
Failure to ovulate caused by hormonal imbalances (many reasons; malnourishment)
Endometriosis (endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus)
Damaged eggs (environmental factors; exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation)
49
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Process by which sperm is collected, concentrated, and placed in the female’s vagina.

50
Q

Surrogate Mothers

A

Women who become impregnated and carries a baby for another; baby may be conceived through artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization.

51
Q

Superovulation

A

Production of multiple eggs as a result of hormone treatment.

52
Q

Abstinence

A

Avoidance of sexual intercourse.

53
Q

Tubal Ligation

A

A surgical sterilization procedure in women that involves cutting the oviducts and tying off the cut ends to ensure that the ovum does not encounter sperm or reach the uterus.

54
Q

Vasectomy

A

A sterilization procedure in men; involves cutting and tying the ductus deferens.

55
Q

Contraceptive Technologies

A

Any technology that reduces reproductive potential.
The pill (mimicking progesterone production inhibiting FSH and LH)
Morning after pill high doses of estrogen and progesterone.
Physical or chemical barriers
Natural family planning.

Biology 30 (9 decks)

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