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Biology 30 > Units 17-20: Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Units 17-20: Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Double stranded nucleic acid molecule that governs the processes of heredity in the cells of organisms; composed of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, a nitrogen base, and deoxyribose.

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2
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Nucleic acid molecule that plays a role in gene expression and protein synthesis, composed of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (AGCU) and the five-carbon sugar ribose; structure is similar to DNA.

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3
Q

Transforming Principle

A

Helped distinguish that DNA is the physical basis for genes.
The ability of dead pathogenic bacteria to pass on their disease-causing properties to live, non-pathogenic bacteria.

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4
Q

Avery, Macleod, and MacCarty

A

Used transforming principle to prove DNA as the physical basis for genes over proteins.

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5
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

Used radioactive labelling to show that genes are made of DNA.

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6
Q

Griffith

A

Discovered transforming principle.

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7
Q

Franklin

A

Used X-ray photography to analyze the structure of DNA.

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8
Q

Griffith

A

Discovered transforming principle.

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9
Q

Nucleotides

A

Unit making up nucleic acids, composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of five nitrogen-containing bases.

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10
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

In any sample of DNA, a constant relationship in which the amount of adenine is about the same as thymine, and the amount of guanine is about the same as the amount of cytosine.

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11
Q

Gene

A

A subunit of DNA that directs the production of one or more polypeptides.

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12
Q

Complimentary Base Pairs

A

Held together by hydrogen bonds.
AT and GC
Make a 3 ring “rung” across the two strings of DNA.

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13
Q

Antiparallel

A

The property by which the 5’ to 3’ phosphate bridges run in opposite directions on each strand of nucleotides in a double stranded DNA molecule.
Protein is synthesized in a 3’ to 5’ direction.

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14
Q

Gene

A

A subunit of DNA that directs the production of one or more polypeptides.

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15
Q

Genome

A

The sum of all the DNA that is carried in each cell of an organism.

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16
Q

Replication

A

The process of creating an exact copy of a molecule of DNA.

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17
Q

Semi-Conservative

A

Each new molecule of DNA contains one strand of the original complementary DNA molecule and one new parent strand.
Describes replication.

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18
Q

Replication Origin

A

Specific nucleotide sequence where replication begins; ranges from a single replication origin in prokaryotes to thousands in eukaryotes.
Can have multiple replication origins.
AUG

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19
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme group that cleaves and unwinds short sections of DNA ahead of the replication fork.

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20
Q

Replication Bubble

A

Oval shaped unwound area within a DNA molecule that is being replicated.

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21
Q

Replication Fork

A

During DNA replication, Y-shaped points at which the DNA helix is unwound and new strands develop.

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22
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Adds new nucleotides to the 3’ OH group of an existing nucleotide strand.
Dismantles the RNA primer.
Proofreads base pairing.

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23
Q

Human Genome Project

A

An effort to sequence the entire human genome.

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24
Q

Primer

A

Short strand of RNA that is complimentary to a DNA template and serves as a starting point for the attachment of new nucleotides.

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25
Q

Leading Strand

A

The strand that is replicated continuously.

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26
Q

Lagging Strand

A

The strand that is replicated in short segments rather than continuously.

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27
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Short nucleotide fragments synthesized during DNA replication of the lagging strand.

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28
Q

DNA ligase

A

Splices together okazaki fragments in the lagging strand.

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29
Q

Termination

A

The completion of the new DNA strands and the dismantling of the replication machine.

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30
Q

DNA Sequencing

A

The process of identifying the precise nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment.

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31
Q

Human Genome Project

A

An effort to sequence the entire human genome.

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32
Q

Nitrogen Containing Bases

A

Adenine (2)
Cytosine (1)
Guanine (2)
Thymine or Uracil (1)

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33
Q

Differences Between RNA and DNA

A
  1. Sugar component in DNA is deoxyribose; RNA is ribose.
  2. RNA does not have thymine; instead has uracil.
  3. RNA remains a single strand, but can fold back on itself to produce regions of complementary pairs.
  4. Due to reason 3; there are different types of RNA due to the different structures it can assume.
34
Q

Amino Acid

A

An organic compound consisting of a carboxylic acid group (COOH), an amino group (NH2), and any of various side groups, linked together by peptide bonds to form proteins.

35
Q

Genetic Code

A

The order of base pairs in a DNA molecule.

  1. Redundant: more than one codon can code for the same amino acid.
  2. Continuous: triplet codons are back to back.
  3. Universal: All living organisms build proteins with genetic codes. Codons code for same proteins in all living organisms.
36
Q

Gene Expression

A

The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA.

37
Q

Transcription

A

Sense strand of DNA is copied into mRNA.

Basically the same as DNA replication minus the lagging strand, and only done in segments.

38
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Strand of mRNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery of the cell during transcription.

39
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Type of RNA that works with mRNA to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide in translation.
Translates nucleotides into amino acids and polypeptide chains.

40
Q

Translation

A

The second stage of gene expression, in which the mRNA nucleotide sequence directs the synthesis of a polypeptide with the aid of another RNA molecule, tRNA.

41
Q

Codon

A

A set of three nitrogenous bases that code for an amino acid or termination signal.

42
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Main enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA from the DNA template.

43
Q

Promoter

A

A sequence of nucleotides on the DNA molecule that tells the RNA polymerase complex where to bind.

44
Q

Anticodon

A

Specialized base triplet located on one lobe of a tRNA molecule that recognizes its complementary codon on mRNA molecule.

45
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Linear strand of RNA that remains associated with the ribosomes.

46
Q

Proteomics

A

The study of all the proteins that are produced by a given genome.

47
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the genetic material of an organism.

48
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the genetic material of an organism.

Can be inheritable into the next generation if continues in gamete formation.

49
Q

Somatic Cell Mutation

A

Mutations that occur in the body cell.

50
Q

Germ Line Mutations

A

Mutations that occur in reproductive cells.

51
Q

Point Mutation

A

A chemical change that affects just one or a few nucleotides.
Includes: substitution, insertion, or deletion of one or more nucleotides.

52
Q

Silent Mutation

A

A mutation that has no effect on the cell’s metabolism.

53
Q

Mis-sense Mutation

A

A mutation that results in an altered protein.

54
Q

Non-sense Mutation

A

A mutation that renders the gene unable to code for a functional polypeptide.

55
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

Insertion of deletion of one or two nucleotides. Causes the entire reading frame of the gene to be altered.

56
Q

Mutagen

A

A substance or event that increases the rate of mutation in an organism.

57
Q

Physical Mutagens

A

Mutagens that cause physical changes in the structure of DNA. Ex. X-rays

58
Q

Chemical Mutagen

A

A molecule that can enter the nucleus of a cell and induce mutations by reacting chemically with the DNA.
Ex. Compounds in cigarette smoke, nitrates.

59
Q

Carginogenic

A

Used to describe chemical mutagens that are associated with one or more forms of cancer.

60
Q

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

A

DNA within the mitochondria; is genetically identical to that of the female parent because the cytoplasm of offspring is derived from the egg.

61
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Manipulation of genetic material to alter genes and blend plant, animal, and bacterial DNA.

62
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Used to separate molecules according to their mass and charge. Can be used to separate fragments of DNA.
Electric current is passed through gel; the DNA moves to positive ends, smaller particles move faster, and fragments separate into a DNA fingerprint.

63
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Enzymes in prokaryotes that catalyze the cleavage of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.
Protect from infection by foreign DNA by cutting viral DNA and therefore deactivating it.

64
Q

Restriction Endonucleases

A

A type of restriction enzyme that recognizes a specific short sequence of nucleotides within, rather than at the ends of, a strand of DNA and cuts the strand at that particular point within the sequence.

65
Q

Restriction Fragments

A

Small segments of DNA cut from a DNA molecule by a restriction endonuclease. Sticky ends.

66
Q

DNA Fingerprint

A

The pattern of bands into which DNA fragments sort during gel electrophoresis.

67
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of natural biological systems to create useful new technologies and products.

68
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of natural biological systems to create useful new technologies and products.

69
Q

DNA Microarray

A

A chip that contains a grid of thousands of microscopic cells.

70
Q

Copy DNA (cDNA)

A

Artificial form of DNA synthesized rom the mRNA of cell samples during a DNA microarray experiment.

71
Q

Bioremediation

A

The use of living cells for environmental remediation. Ex. bacteria that have been designed to clean up pollution.

72
Q

Clone

A

Organisms that are genetically identical.

73
Q

Genetic Marker

A

A characteristic that provides information about the genotype of an individual.

74
Q

Ultrasound

A

Sound with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing; used in a procedure by which sound waves sent through the body provide information about internal structures, such as a developing fetus.

75
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Procedure by which a needle is used to withdraw a small sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus in order to perform a genetic analysis; for safety, cannot be performed before the 14th week of pregnancy.

76
Q

Chorionic Villi Sampling

A

Procedure where fetal cells are removed from the chorion to perform a genetic analysis; can be performed around the 9th week of pregnancy.

77
Q

DNA Probe

A

Molecule of DNA with a nucleic acid sequence that is labelled with a radioactive or fluorescent chemical tag; binds to a complementary DNA sequence and can be used to locate a specific genetic marker.

78
Q

DNA Vector

A

In gene therapy, something that carries recombinant DNA containing a desired gene into a host cell in order to incorporate the gene into a patient’s genome.

79
Q

Somatic Gene Therapy

A

Therapy that is aimed at correcting genetic disorders in somatic cells.

80
Q

Germ-line Therapy

A

Gene therapy used to modify the genetic information carried in egg and sperm cells.

81
Q

Genomics

A

The study of entire genomes. Including the interactions among multiple genes

82
Q

Proteomics

A

The study of all the proteins that are produced by a given genome.

Biology 30 (9 decks)

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