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Biology 30 > Units 4-6: Male and Female Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Units 4-6: Male and Female Reproductive Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Gonads

A

The organs (testes and ovaries) that produce reproductive cells (sperm and ovum/gametes) and sex hormones.

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2
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Control the development and function of the reproductive system.

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3
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

Structures that play direct roles in the reproductive systems (organs, ducts, and glands).

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4
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Physical manifestations that distinguish male from female but are not required for reproduction.

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5
Q

Sperm Cells

A

Male gametes.
Oval head, cylindrical middle piece, tail.
23 chromosomes, protected by the acrosome which contains enzymes that aid in penetrating the female egg.

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6
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads that produce sperm.

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7
Q

Scrotum

A

Pouch of skin that regulates temperature of the testes.

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8
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Long coiled tubes in which sperm is produced.

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9
Q

Interstitial Cells

A

Secrete testosterone.

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10
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The production of sperm.
Spermatogonia > primary spermatocyte via mitosis > secondary spermatocyte via meiosis I > spermatid via Meiosis II > mature sperm

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11
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Located in the seminiferous tubules. Support and nourish sperm.

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12
Q

Epididymis

A

Duct in which sperm mature and become motile.

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13
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

Storage duct for mature sperm. Leads to the penis via the ejaculatory duct.

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14
Q

Penis

A

Male organ for sexual intercourse. Tips is called glans penis. Foreskin.

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15
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Produce a mucus-like fluid containing fructose which provides energy for the sperm.

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16
Q

Prostate Gland and Cowper’s Gland

A

Secrete mucus-like fluids as well as alkaline fluid to neutralize the acids from urine in the urethra.

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17
Q

Semen

A

The mixture of sperm and mucus-like fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s gland.

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18
Q

Urethra

A

A duct that carries fluid through the penis.

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19
Q

Ejaculation

A

The release of semen from the penis.

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20
Q

Ovaries

A

Two female gonads. Alternate which one produces an egg each month.

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21
Q

Ova

A

Limited number of female gametes.
Ovum possess a large quantity of cytoplasm which contains nutrients for the first few days of development after fertilization.

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22
Q

Oogenesis

A

The production of ovum.

oogonium > primary oocyte via mitosis > secondary oocyte via meiosis I during puberty > secondary oocyte that develops into ovum via meiosis II

Meiosis causes the oocyte to divide unevenly, creating a cell with more cytoplasm in order to sustain the early stages of human development. Polar bodies are the small useless ones.

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23
Q

Follicles

A

A follicle matures and ruptures, which release an ovum into the oviduct. An ovum develops within the follicle.

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24
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of an ovum from a follicle into an oviduct.

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25
Q

Fimbriae

A

Thread like projections which sweep over the ovum so that it ends up in the oviduct.

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26
Q

Oviduct

A

Cilia-lined tube that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.

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27
Q

Uterus

A

Holds and nourishes a developing fetus.

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28
Q

Endometrium

A

The lining of the uterus.

Filled with blood vessels to provide nutrients to the fetus.

29
Q

Cervix

A

Connects the uterus to the vagina.

30
Q

Vagina

A

Receives penis during sexual intercourse, serves as the birth canal, and exit for menstrual flow.

31
Q

Menstruation

A

The process in which the endometrium of the uterus disintegrates and tissues and blood flow out of the vagina.

32
Q

Vulva

A

External female genital organs. Includes the labia majora, labia minora, and the glans clitoris.

33
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infection

STI

A

An infection that is transmitted only or mainly by sexual contact.

34
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Attacks helper T cells. Acquired through sexual contact and needles.

35
Q

HIV

A

Can cause AIDS. A group of viruses human immunodeficiency virus. Attacks helper T cells. Increases vulnerability to infections. There are treatments that can alleviate symptoms, but no cure and no vaccine.

Needles, children being born to a mother with HIV.

36
Q

Hepatitis

A

A group of diseases - hepatitis A, B, and C.

Can travers a placenta to infect a baby.

People can recover, but can also be asymptomatic, asymptomatic people can infect other people with the virus.

37
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Contracted through drinking water contaminated with fecal material, and/or oral or anal contact.

Effective vaccine is available.

38
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Contracted through sexual contact or contact with infected body fluids/blood. (STI)

Initial symptoms are feverish and include jaundice. Can lead to liver failure, liver cancer, and death.

Effective vaccine is available.

39
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Contracted through blood to blood contact with needles and syringes.

40
Q

Genital Herpes

A

Two types; HSV 1 and HSV 2.

HSV 1: causes infections of the mouth, and also causes genital infections.

HSV 2: more likely to be acquired through genital herpes.

No cure, infected for life.

41
Q

Genital Herpes Symptoms

A

Symptoms show up in a month, tingling, itching, and then appearance of blisters. Outbreak can lead to sores and flu like symptoms. Future outbreaks can occur with fever, stress, sunlight, intercourse, or certain foods.

Mother giving birth to babies can cause blindness, neurological disorders and death. C-section is suggested.

42
Q

Human Papilloma Virus

HPV

A

Genital warts. Transmitted by skin to skin contact. Can lead to cervical cancer, increased risk of tumors of the vulva, vagina, anus, and penis.

43
Q

Chlamydia

A

Bacterial infection. Treatments with antibiotics can lead to a complete cure. More in women.

44
Q

Symptoms of Chlamydia

A

Discharge from penis or vagina, pain while urinating, and/or a fever. Majority of people have no obvious symptoms.

Can lead to PID. Increased risk of HIV.

Birth can lead to infections of the eyes and respiratory tract.

45
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

PID

A

Painful and can result in a build-up of scar tissue in the oviducts. This can block the oviducts causing infertility.

46
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Similar to chlamydia and is often found together. More in men. Bacterial infection. Causes infection of the urethra, cervix, rectum, and throat.

Early treatment with antibiotics can lead to a complete cure.

47
Q

Symptoms of Gonorrhea

A

Pain when urinating, greenish-yellow discharge from urethra. Also not many initial symptoms. can lead to PID and can spread throughout the bloodstream to joints, heart, or brain.

Birth can lead to eye infection.

48
Q

Syphilis

A

Bacterial infection. Birth at any stage can cause birth defects or stillbirths. Can cause permanent damage. Antibiotics can lead to complete cure.

49
Q

Symptoms of Syphilis

A

First Stage: ulcerated sores called chancres.

Second Stage: A rash anywhere (palms of hands and soles of feet)

Third Stage: Cardiovascular and nervous system are affected. Mental illness, blindness, lame, heart disease. Ulcers called gummas may develop on skin/internal organs.

50
Q

Chromosomal Sex

A

Determined at fertilization. XY - male XX - female.

51
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.

52
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates the development of sex organs and gamete production. Secreted from the anterior pituitary.

Male Reproductive System: Causes interstitial cells to produce sperm and cause cells in the seminiferous tubules to release inhibin.

53
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the production of testosterone and triggers ovulates and stimulates estrogen production.

Male Reproductive System: Causes testes to release testosterone.

54
Q

Estrogen

A

Plays a minor role in the male reproductive system, but stimulates the development of the female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics in women.

55
Q

Progesterone

A

Targets the uterus causes uterine thickening.

56
Q

Ovary

A

Secretes estrogen and progesterone.

57
Q

Testes

A

Secretes testosterone and inhibin.

58
Q

Testosterone

A

Stimulates the development of the male reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics.

Inhibits the release of LH.

59
Q

Inhibin

A

Inhibits FSH production in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.

Released by Sertoli cells.

60
Q

Puberty

A

The period in which the reproductive system completes its development and becomes fully functional.

61
Q

Andropause

A

The gradual decline of testosterone in men around the age of 40.

62
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Follicles degenerate after releasing developed ovum and turn into corpus luteum.

Releases estrogen and progesterone which inhibit the release of FSH and LH.

63
Q

Follicular Stage

A

Increased level of FSH which stimulates one follicle to mature. While it matures it releases estrogen and progesterone.

Estrogen and progesterone inhibit the release of FSH while stimulating GnRH which creates a spike in LH which causes the follicle to burst. (Ovulation)

64
Q

Luteal Stage

A

LH causes the follicle to develop into a corpus Luteum.

65
Q

Menopause

A

The end of menstruation. Lack of functioning follicles lead to a decline of estrogen and progesterone.

Symptoms: Hot flashes, rising cholesterol, diminishing bone mass, increased risk of uterine cancer, breast cancer, and heart disease.

66
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

A

Prescription of low levels of estrogen w/or w/out progesterone.

Risks: coronary heart disease, strokes, blood clots, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and dementia.

67
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Follicles develop to grow mature ovum, rupture; releasing the developed ovum.
Follicles then turn into corpus luteum which degenerate.
(ovulation)

68
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

The second part of the menstrual cycle starting at the beginning of the ovarian cycle and ending with the break down of the endometrium.

69
Q

Oogenesis

A

The process of female gamete production in animals.

oogonium > primary oocyte by mitosis > secondary oocyte by meiosis I > secondary oocyte (ovum) by meiosis II which is arrested in metaphase II > only becomes a fertilized ovum, otherwise it degrades

Biology 30 (9 decks)

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