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psychology > units 1-2: psych history/research methods (1-8) > Flashcards

units 1-2: psych history/research methods (1-8) Flashcards

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1
Q

knowledge belief: socrates & plato

A

knowledge is innate

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2
Q

knowledge belief: aristotle

A

knowledge is learned

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3
Q

knowledge belief: rene descartes

A

knowledge is innate & hollow nerves run from brain to body to induce movement

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4
Q

knowledge belief: francis bacon

A

people follow and remember things that complement their ideas

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5
Q

knowledge belief: john locke

A

table rasa & empiricism

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6
Q

tabla rasa

A

blank slate

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7
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge originates in experience, so science should rely on observation and experimentation

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8
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

father of psychology

established the first psych lab at John Hopkins

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9
Q

birth of modern psych

A

1879

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10
Q

3 early schools of psych

A

structuralism
functionalism
behavioralism

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11
Q

2 later schools of psych

A

psychoanalysis

gestalt psychology

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12
Q

edward titchener

A

school of structuralism

self-reflective introspection

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13
Q

(def) structuralism

A

an early school of psychology used to reveal the structure of the human mind

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14
Q

promoters of structuralism

A

wundt & titchener

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15
Q

william james

A

school of functionalism
thinking developed in response to evolution
conscious

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16
Q

(def) functionalism

A

early school of thought exploring how mental and behavioral processes function

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17
Q

promoters of functionalism

A

darwin & james

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18
Q

mary calkins

A

first female president of the APA

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19
Q

margaret washburn

A

second female president of the APA

synthesized animal behavior

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20
Q

1920 psychology definition

A

the “science of mental life”

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21
Q

experimental psych

A

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

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22
Q

john watson & bf skinner psychology

A

behavioralism

scientific study of observable behavior

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23
Q

(old def) behavioralism

A

school of psychology viewing that it is (1) an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
**most agree with 1 but not 2

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24
Q

2 main forces of psychology

A

behavioralism & freudian psychology

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25
Q

freudian psychology

A

emphasized unconscious thought processes and childhood experiences affect our behavior

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26
Q

first psych rebellion

A

humanistic psychology

led by carl rogers & abraham maslow

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27
Q

second psych rebellion

A

cognitive neuroscience

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28
Q

today’s def of psychology

A

the scientific study of behavioral and mental processes

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29
Q

(def) mental processes

A

internal, subjective experiences inferred from behavior

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30
Q

nature-nurture debate

A

the long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

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31
Q

charles darwin

A

natural selection

evolution

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32
Q

levels of analysis

A

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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33
Q

(def) biopsychological approach

A

integrated approach using all the levels of analysis

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34
Q

3 behavioral/mental processes

A

biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences

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35
Q

biological influences

A

natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions responding to environment, brain mechanisms, hormonal influences

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36
Q

psychological influences

A

learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations

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37
Q

socio-cultural influences

A

presence of others, cultural/societal/family expectations, peer and other group influences, compelling models (such as in the media)

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38
Q

behavioral

A

how we learn observable responses

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39
Q

biological

A

how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences

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40
Q

cognitive

A

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

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41
Q

evolutionary

A

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

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42
Q

humanistic

A

how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment

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43
Q

psychodynamic

A

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

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44
Q

socio-cultural

A

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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45
Q

psychometrics

A

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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46
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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47
Q

biological research

A

exploring the links between brain and mind

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48
Q

developmental research

A

studying changing abilities from birth to death

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49
Q

cognitive research

A

experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

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50
Q

educational research

A

studying influences on teaching and learning

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51
Q

personality research

A

investigate our persistent traits

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52
Q

social research

A

exploring how we view and affect one another

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53
Q

basic research branches

A

biological, cognitive, developmental, educational, personality, social

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54
Q

(def) applied research

A

the scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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55
Q

industrial-organizational (i/o) research

A

the application of psych concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces

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56
Q

human factors research

A

i/o subfield that explores people-machine interaction and how machines/physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

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57
Q

counseling research

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving better well-being

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58
Q

clinical research

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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59
Q

psychiatric research

A

medical branch dealing with psych disorders **can provide medicine and therapy

60
Q

positive research

A

scientific study of human function with goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

61
Q

community research

A

psych branch that studies how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

62
Q

applied research branches

A

industrial-organizational, human factors, counseling, clinical, psychiatry, positive, community

63
Q

cognitive psych (basic)

A

the scientific study of all the mental activities (thought processes, perception, language, attention, problem solving, memory, judgement, decision making, forgetting, intelligence)

64
Q

developmental psych (basic)

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout one’s life span

65
Q

educational psych (basic)

A

the study of psychological processes in learning and the relationship between learning/physical/social environment

66
Q

experimental psych (basic)

A

the study of basic behavioral processes in humans and animals

67
Q

psychometric/quantitative psych (basic)

A

methods and techniques used to acquire psych knowledge

68
Q

social psych (basic)

A

the study of interactions between people and how beliefs/feelings/behaviors influence and are affected by attitudes, others, aggression, prejudice, interpersonal attraction, group behavior, and leadership

69
Q

forensic psych (applied)

A

applying psych principles to legal issues

70
Q

health psych (applied)

A

the psych branch promoting health and preventing disease

71
Q

industrial-organizational psych (applied)

A

the psych branch that studies the relationship between people and their working environment

72
Q

neurological psych (applied)

A

the study of neurological processes and behavior

73
Q

rehab psych (applied)

A

the study of people who have lost optimal function post-accident, illness, etc

74
Q

school psych (applied)

A

the study of children in educational settings

75
Q

sports psych (applied)

A

the study of psych factors that are influenced in participating in physical activity

76
Q

community psych (applied/helping)

A

psych branch dealing with the broad problems of mental health in community settings

77
Q

clinical psych (applied/helping)

A

the study of psychological health in individuals, groups, and organizations

78
Q

counseling psych (applied/helping)

A

psych branch dealing with lifestyle changes and transitions while helping the patient use their skills, abilities, and talents

79
Q

brain operates on 2 levels

A

conscious and unconscious

80
Q

(def) hindsight bias

A

“i knew it all along” phenomenon; the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

81
Q

what leads us to overestimate intuition

A

hindsight bias, overconfidence, and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events

82
Q

the 3 attitudes

A

curiosity, skepticism, and humility

83
Q

(def) critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

84
Q

(def) theory

A

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

85
Q

(def) hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

86
Q

(def) operational definition

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

87
Q

3 methods to test a hypothesis

A

descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods

88
Q

(def) case study

A

study of one individual in great detail

89
Q

(def) naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

90
Q

(def) surveys & interviews

A

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

91
Q

(def) population

A

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

92
Q

(def) random sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

93
Q

importance of a sample

A
  1. representative 2. large 3. small

* *one can not compensate for an unrepresentative sample by adding more people

94
Q

(def) correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and therefore of how well either factor predicts the other

95
Q

(def) correlation coefficient

A

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

96
Q

(def) scatterplots

A

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)

97
Q

positive correlation (#)

A

1

98
Q

negative correlation (#)

A

-1

99
Q

no correlation (#)

A

0

100
Q

correlation does not

A

prove causation

101
Q

(def) illusory correlation

A

perceived yet nonexistent correlation

102
Q

(def) experiment

A

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

103
Q

(def) experimental group

A

the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested

104
Q

(def) control group

A

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment

105
Q

(def) random assignment

A

randomly sorting participants into groups - minimizes differences

106
Q

(def) double-blind procedure

A

neither the experimenter nor the subject knows what group the subjects are in - reduces bias

107
Q

(def) placebo effect

A

the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

108
Q

(def) independent variable

A

the manipulated experimental factor

109
Q

(def) compounding variable

A

factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

110
Q

(def) dependent variable

A

the outcome factor, which may change in response to the manipulated variable

111
Q

descriptive method use:

A

to observe and record behavior

112
Q

correlational method use:

A

to detect naturally occurring relationships and assessing how 1 variable predicts another

113
Q

experimental method use:

A

to explore cause and effect

114
Q

what should be doubted

A

big, rounded, undocumented numbers

115
Q

(def) descriptive statistics

A

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups (measures of central tendency and variation)

116
Q

(def) histogram

A

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

117
Q

(def) mean

A

average (all the numbers added/the # of numbers)

118
Q

(def) median

A

the middle number (list numerically and find the middle)

119
Q

(def) mode

A

most frequently occurring score(s)

120
Q

(def) skewed distribution

A

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

121
Q

(def) outlier

A

an unusually small or large data value

122
Q

(def) left skewed distribution

A

small outlier

123
Q

(def) right skewed distribution

A

large outlier

124
Q

measures of central tendency

A

mean, median, mode

125
Q

measures of variability

A

range and standard deviation

126
Q

(def) range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest score

127
Q

(def) standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

128
Q

(def) inferential statistics

A

numerical data that allows the generalization of a population from sample data

129
Q

generalizations are unreliable when:

A

if based on a few unrepresentative cases

130
Q

(def) statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
**when sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is relatively large

131
Q

to be reliable, the percent of statistical significance is:

A

<5%

132
Q

(def) culture

A

behaviors/ideas/attitudes/values/traditions shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next

133
Q

culture influences:

A

standards, behaviors, individual goals, and group goals

134
Q

(def) informed consent

A

an ethical principle in which potential research participants are told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate or not

135
Q

(def) debriefing

A

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

136
Q

our perceptions influence:

A

observation and interpretation

137
Q

APA urges what in the ethics of animal research

A

comfort, health, and humane treatment as well as minimizing pain, infection, and illness

138
Q

APA urges what in the ethics of human research?

A

informed consent, protection from physical/emotional harm & discomfort, participant confidentiality, debriefing

139
Q

3 main branches of psych

A

clinical, academic, industrial

140
Q

7 roots of psych

A

psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, neuro-biological, evolutionary, socio-cultural

141
Q

teacher of psychodynamic psychology

A

freud

142
Q

teachers of humanistic psychology

A

maslow & roger

143
Q

teachers of cognitive psychology

A

loftus

144
Q

teachers of neuro-biological psychology

A

gazzaniga

145
Q

SQ3R study method

A

survey, question, read, retrieve, review

psychology (4 decks)

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