units 1-2: psych history/research methods (1-8) Flashcards
knowledge belief: socrates & plato
knowledge is innate
knowledge belief: aristotle
knowledge is learned
knowledge belief: rene descartes
knowledge is innate & hollow nerves run from brain to body to induce movement
knowledge belief: francis bacon
people follow and remember things that complement their ideas
knowledge belief: john locke
table rasa & empiricism
tabla rasa
blank slate
empiricism
knowledge originates in experience, so science should rely on observation and experimentation
wilhelm wundt
father of psychology
established the first psych lab at John Hopkins
birth of modern psych
1879
3 early schools of psych
structuralism
functionalism
behavioralism
2 later schools of psych
psychoanalysis
gestalt psychology
edward titchener
school of structuralism
self-reflective introspection
(def) structuralism
an early school of psychology used to reveal the structure of the human mind
promoters of structuralism
wundt & titchener
william james
school of functionalism
thinking developed in response to evolution
conscious
(def) functionalism
early school of thought exploring how mental and behavioral processes function
promoters of functionalism
darwin & james
mary calkins
first female president of the APA
margaret washburn
second female president of the APA
synthesized animal behavior
1920 psychology definition
the “science of mental life”
experimental psych
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
john watson & bf skinner psychology
behavioralism
scientific study of observable behavior
(old def) behavioralism
school of psychology viewing that it is (1) an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
**most agree with 1 but not 2
2 main forces of psychology
behavioralism & freudian psychology
freudian psychology
emphasized unconscious thought processes and childhood experiences affect our behavior
first psych rebellion
humanistic psychology
led by carl rogers & abraham maslow
second psych rebellion
cognitive neuroscience
today’s def of psychology
the scientific study of behavioral and mental processes
(def) mental processes
internal, subjective experiences inferred from behavior
nature-nurture debate
the long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
charles darwin
natural selection
evolution
levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
(def) biopsychological approach
integrated approach using all the levels of analysis
3 behavioral/mental processes
biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences
biological influences
natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions responding to environment, brain mechanisms, hormonal influences
psychological influences
learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations
socio-cultural influences
presence of others, cultural/societal/family expectations, peer and other group influences, compelling models (such as in the media)
behavioral
how we learn observable responses
biological
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences
cognitive
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
evolutionary
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
humanistic
how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment
psychodynamic
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
socio-cultural
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
biological research
exploring the links between brain and mind
developmental research
studying changing abilities from birth to death
cognitive research
experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
educational research
studying influences on teaching and learning
personality research
investigate our persistent traits
social research
exploring how we view and affect one another
basic research branches
biological, cognitive, developmental, educational, personality, social
(def) applied research
the scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
industrial-organizational (i/o) research
the application of psych concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces
human factors research
i/o subfield that explores people-machine interaction and how machines/physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
counseling research
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving better well-being
clinical research
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders