units 1-2: psych history/research methods (1-8) Flashcards
1
Q
knowledge belief: socrates & plato
A
knowledge is innate
2
Q
knowledge belief: aristotle
A
knowledge is learned
3
Q
knowledge belief: rene descartes
A
knowledge is innate & hollow nerves run from brain to body to induce movement
4
Q
knowledge belief: francis bacon
A
people follow and remember things that complement their ideas
5
Q
knowledge belief: john locke
A
table rasa & empiricism
6
Q
tabla rasa
A
blank slate
7
Q
empiricism
A
knowledge originates in experience, so science should rely on observation and experimentation
8
Q
wilhelm wundt
A
father of psychology
established the first psych lab at John Hopkins
9
Q
birth of modern psych
A
1879
10
Q
3 early schools of psych
A
structuralism
functionalism
behavioralism
11
Q
2 later schools of psych
A
psychoanalysis
gestalt psychology
12
Q
edward titchener
A
school of structuralism
self-reflective introspection
13
Q
(def) structuralism
A
an early school of psychology used to reveal the structure of the human mind
14
Q
promoters of structuralism
A
wundt & titchener
15
Q
william james
A
school of functionalism
thinking developed in response to evolution
conscious
16
Q
(def) functionalism
A
early school of thought exploring how mental and behavioral processes function
17
Q
promoters of functionalism
A
darwin & james
18
Q
mary calkins
A
first female president of the APA
19
Q
margaret washburn
A
second female president of the APA
synthesized animal behavior
20
Q
1920 psychology definition
A
the “science of mental life”
21
Q
experimental psych
A
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
22
Q
john watson & bf skinner psychology
A
behavioralism
scientific study of observable behavior
23
Q
(old def) behavioralism
A
school of psychology viewing that it is (1) an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
**most agree with 1 but not 2
24
Q
2 main forces of psychology
A
behavioralism & freudian psychology
25
freudian psychology
emphasized unconscious thought processes and childhood experiences affect our behavior
26
first psych rebellion
humanistic psychology
| led by carl rogers & abraham maslow
27
second psych rebellion
cognitive neuroscience
28
today's def of psychology
the scientific study of behavioral and mental processes
29
(def) mental processes
internal, subjective experiences inferred from behavior
30
nature-nurture debate
the long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
31
charles darwin
natural selection
| evolution
32
levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
33
(def) biopsychological approach
integrated approach using all the levels of analysis
34
3 behavioral/mental processes
biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences
35
biological influences
natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions responding to environment, brain mechanisms, hormonal influences
36
psychological influences
learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations
37
socio-cultural influences
presence of others, cultural/societal/family expectations, peer and other group influences, compelling models (such as in the media)
38
behavioral
how we learn observable responses
39
biological
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences
40
cognitive
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
41
evolutionary
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
42
humanistic
how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment
43
psychodynamic
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
44
socio-cultural
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
45
psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
46
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
47
biological research
exploring the links between brain and mind
48
developmental research
studying changing abilities from birth to death
49
cognitive research
experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
50
educational research
studying influences on teaching and learning
51
personality research
investigate our persistent traits
52
social research
exploring how we view and affect one another
53
basic research branches
biological, cognitive, developmental, educational, personality, social
54
(def) applied research
the scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
55
industrial-organizational (i/o) research
the application of psych concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces
56
human factors research
i/o subfield that explores people-machine interaction and how machines/physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
57
counseling research
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving better well-being
58
clinical research
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
59
psychiatric research
medical branch dealing with psych disorders **can provide medicine and therapy
60
positive research
scientific study of human function with goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
61
community research
psych branch that studies how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
62
applied research branches
industrial-organizational, human factors, counseling, clinical, psychiatry, positive, community
63
cognitive psych (basic)
the scientific study of all the mental activities (thought processes, perception, language, attention, problem solving, memory, judgement, decision making, forgetting, intelligence)
64
developmental psych (basic)
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout one's life span
65
educational psych (basic)
the study of psychological processes in learning and the relationship between learning/physical/social environment
66
experimental psych (basic)
the study of basic behavioral processes in humans and animals
67
psychometric/quantitative psych (basic)
methods and techniques used to acquire psych knowledge
68
social psych (basic)
the study of interactions between people and how beliefs/feelings/behaviors influence and are affected by attitudes, others, aggression, prejudice, interpersonal attraction, group behavior, and leadership
69
forensic psych (applied)
applying psych principles to legal issues
70
health psych (applied)
the psych branch promoting health and preventing disease
71
industrial-organizational psych (applied)
the psych branch that studies the relationship between people and their working environment
72
neurological psych (applied)
the study of neurological processes and behavior
73
rehab psych (applied)
the study of people who have lost optimal function post-accident, illness, etc
74
school psych (applied)
the study of children in educational settings
75
sports psych (applied)
the study of psych factors that are influenced in participating in physical activity
76
community psych (applied/helping)
psych branch dealing with the broad problems of mental health in community settings
77
clinical psych (applied/helping)
the study of psychological health in individuals, groups, and organizations
78
counseling psych (applied/helping)
psych branch dealing with lifestyle changes and transitions while helping the patient use their skills, abilities, and talents
79
brain operates on 2 levels
conscious and unconscious
80
(def) hindsight bias
"i knew it all along" phenomenon; the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
81
what leads us to overestimate intuition
hindsight bias, overconfidence, and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events
82
the 3 attitudes
curiosity, skepticism, and humility
83
(def) critical thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
84
(def) theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
85
(def) hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
86
(def) operational definition
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
87
3 methods to test a hypothesis
descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods
88
(def) case study
study of one individual in great detail
89
(def) naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
90
(def) surveys & interviews
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
91
(def) population
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
92
(def) random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
93
importance of a sample
1. representative 2. large 3. small
| * *one can not compensate for an unrepresentative sample by adding more people
94
(def) correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and therefore of how well either factor predicts the other
95
(def) correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
96
(def) scatterplots
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)
97
positive correlation (#)
1
98
negative correlation (#)
-1
99
no correlation (#)
0
100
correlation does not
prove causation
101
(def) illusory correlation
perceived yet nonexistent correlation
102
(def) experiment
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
103
(def) experimental group
the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested
104
(def) control group
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment
105
(def) random assignment
randomly sorting participants into groups - minimizes differences
106
(def) double-blind procedure
neither the experimenter nor the subject knows what group the subjects are in - reduces bias
107
(def) placebo effect
the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
108
(def) independent variable
the manipulated experimental factor
109
(def) compounding variable
factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
110
(def) dependent variable
the outcome factor, which may change in response to the manipulated variable
111
descriptive method use:
to observe and record behavior
112
correlational method use:
to detect naturally occurring relationships and assessing how 1 variable predicts another
113
experimental method use:
to explore cause and effect
114
what should be doubted
big, rounded, undocumented numbers
115
(def) descriptive statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups (measures of central tendency and variation)
116
(def) histogram
a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
117
(def) mean
average (all the numbers added/the # of numbers)
118
(def) median
the middle number (list numerically and find the middle)
119
(def) mode
most frequently occurring score(s)
120
(def) skewed distribution
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
121
(def) outlier
an unusually small or large data value
122
(def) left skewed distribution
small outlier
123
(def) right skewed distribution
large outlier
124
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
125
measures of variability
range and standard deviation
126
(def) range
the difference between the highest and lowest score
127
(def) standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
128
(def) inferential statistics
numerical data that allows the generalization of a population from sample data
129
generalizations are unreliable when:
if based on a few unrepresentative cases
130
(def) statistical significance
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
**when sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is relatively large
131
to be reliable, the percent of statistical significance is:
<5%
132
(def) culture
behaviors/ideas/attitudes/values/traditions shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next
133
culture influences:
standards, behaviors, individual goals, and group goals
134
(def) informed consent
an ethical principle in which potential research participants are told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate or not
135
(def) debriefing
the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
136
our perceptions influence:
observation and interpretation
137
APA urges what in the ethics of animal research
comfort, health, and humane treatment as well as minimizing pain, infection, and illness
138
APA urges what in the ethics of human research?
informed consent, protection from physical/emotional harm & discomfort, participant confidentiality, debriefing
139
3 main branches of psych
clinical, academic, industrial
140
7 roots of psych
psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, neuro-biological, evolutionary, socio-cultural
141
teacher of psychodynamic psychology
freud
142
teachers of humanistic psychology
maslow & roger
143
teachers of cognitive psychology
loftus
144
teachers of neuro-biological psychology
gazzaniga
145
SQ3R study method
survey, question, read, retrieve, review
