unit 3: biological bases of behavior (9-15) Flashcards
1
Q
franz gall proposal
A
phrenology
2
Q
phrenology (def)
A
skull reading through head bumps
3
Q
phrenology (outcome)
A
false - however leads to the discovery of functional localization
4
Q
neuron
A
nerve-cell
basic building block of the nervous system
5
Q
dendrite
A
branch extensions that receive messages & conduct impulses
6
Q
axon
A
the “spine” of the neuron
carries the impulse
7
Q
myelin
A
layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon
allows for faster & greater transmission
8
Q
action potential
A
neural impulse
brief electric charge that travels down the axon
9
Q
refractory period
A
period of inactivity after a neuron fires
10
Q
threshold
A
level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
11
Q
all-or-none response
A
a neuron’s reaction: firing or not firing
12
Q
synapse
A
junction of space between two neurons
13
Q
neurotransmitter
A
chemical messenger that travels through the synapse
influence whether or not a neuron will generate a response
14
Q
reuptake
A
excess neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
15
Q
acetylcholine
A
MLM
muscle action
learning
memory
16
Q
dopamine
A
MALE movement attention learning emotion
17
Q
serotonin
A
HAMS hunger arousal mood sleep
18
Q
norepinephrine
A
AA battery
arousal
alertness control
19
Q
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
A
major inhibitory neurotransmitter
20
Q
glumate
A
major excitatory neurotransmitter
21
Q
endorphin
A
literal meaning “morphine within”
natural opiate-like neurotransmitter linked to pain control and pleasure
22
Q
agonist
A
molecule that STIMULATES a response by binding to a receptor site
23
Q
antagonist
A
molecule that BLOCKS a response by binding to a receptor site
24
Q
nervous system layout/parts
A
nervous sys: central & peripheral
peripheral: somatic & autonomic
autonomic: sympathetic & parasympathetic
25
nervous system
body's electrochemical networking
26
peripheral (PNS)
sensory and motor neurons linking the CNS to the body
27
central (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
28
somatic
division of the PNS controlling VOLUNTARY skeletal movement
29
autonomic
division of the PNS controlling self-regulated/INVOLUNTARY actions of organs & glands
30
sympathetic
division of the ANS arousing the body
| mobilizes energy
31
parasympathetic
parachute
| division of the ANS calming the body down
32
nerves
bundled axons forming neural cables that connect the CNS to muscles/glands/organs
33
sensory neurons
neurons carrying incoming info from sensory receptors to the CNS
34
motor neurons
neurons carrying outgoing info from the CNS to muscles & glands
35
interneurons
neurons in the CNS
| communicating/intervening between sensory & motor neurons
36
reflexes
simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus
37
endocrine system parts
```
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries/testes
```
38
endocrine system
the body's "slow" chemical communication system
| made up of organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
39
hormones
chemical messengers made by endocrine glands, they travel through the bloodstream & affect other tissues
40
hypothalamus
brain region controlling the pituitary gland
41
pituitary gland
master gland
| chooses the hormones to secrete
42
thyroid
affects metabolism
43
parathyroid
regulate calcium in the blood
44
adrenal glands
inner trigger the the fight-or-flight response
45
pancreas
regulates sugar in the blood
46
ovaries/testes
secretes sex hormones
47
lesion
tissue destruction
| can be caused naturally or experimentally
48
5 ways of brain mapping
```
EEG
CT scan
PET scan
MRI
fMRI
```
49
EEG
amplified recording of the electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface
measured through electrodes on the scalp
graph of squiggly lines
50
CT scan
xray photos taken at different angles & combined to form a composite representation of a slice of brain structure
b&w, shows all structures, transverse slice
51
PET scan
visual display of brain activity by detecting a form of radioactive glucose while the brain does a task
fully colored
52
MRI
using magnetic fields + radio waves to produce soft tissue scans
show brain anatomy
53
fMRI
reveals the bloodflow which reveals brain activity
| show anatomy, structure, and activity
54
older brain structures
brainstem
thalamus
reticular formation
cerebellum
55
brainstem
automatic survival functions
56
brainstem parts
pons
| medulla
57
pons
coordination of movement
58
medulla
controls heartbeat & breathing
59
thalamus
sensory control center
transmits messages from the cerebellum to the medulla
receives info from the senses (except smell)
60
reticular formation
nerve network traveling through the brainstem and thalamus
| contols arousal
61
reticular formation - damage
coma
62
older brain function ocurrence
without a conscious effort
63
limbic system
neural system associated with emotions and drives
64
hippocampus
processes conscious memory
65
hippocampus - damage
new memories cannot be formed
66
amygdala
2 lima bean shaped clusters
| linked to emotion
67
hypothalamus
neural structure associated with maintenance activities
helps govern the endocrine system
linked to emotion & reward
68
corpus callosum
axon fibers connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres
69
cerebral cortex
interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres
ultimate control & information processing center
**thin surface layer
70
spinal cord
pathway for neural fibers traveling to & from the brain
| controls simple reflexes
71
glial cells
nervous cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons
| play important role in learning & thinking
72
frontal lobe
speaking
muscle movement
make plans & judgment
73
parietal lobe
receive sensory info (taste and touch: pressure, pain, heat, cold, tension)
body position
74
occipital lobe
processes vision
75
temporal lobe
process audio from opposite ear
| process smell
76
motor cortex
area in the rear of the frontal lobe
controls voluntary movement
precise control = larger cortical space (ex. fingers, mouth)
77
somatosensory cortex
between motor cortex & parietal lobe
register & process touch & movement sensation
nonsensitive areas = larger space
78
motor vs somatosensory
```
somatosensory = input
motor = output
```
79
association areas
cerebral cortex areas involved in higher mental functions
80
higher mental functions
learning
thinking
remembering
speaking
81
prefrontal cortex
enables judgment
planning
process new memories
82
parietal lobe association areas
enable mathematical & spatial reasoning
83
brain plasticity
brain's ability to change (especially during childhood)
| recognizing and building new pathways
84
neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
85
damages neurons
don't regenerate
86
corpus callosum
large neural fiber band connecting the 2 brain hemispheres & sending messages between them
87
split brain procedure
condition resulting from surgery that isolates the 2 hemispheres by cutting the corpus callosum
88
left hemisphere
sees the parts
mathematical
controls the right side of the body
89
right hemisphere
sees the whole
artistic
controls the left side of the body
90
consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
91
dual-processing
principle that our brain simultaneously processes consciously and unconsciously
92
behavior genetics
study of relative power/limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
93
environment
all external influences from potential nutrition to everything around us
94
chromosome
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes
95
dna
complex molecule containing genetic info
| make up chromosomes
96
genes
biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes
| either expressed or inactive
97
genome
complete instructions for making an organism
| the genetic material in chromosomes
98
identical twins
one egg splits into 2
99
fraternal twins
2 separate eggs fertilized at the same time
100
molecular genetics
biology subfield studying the molecule structure and function of genes
101
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals attributed to genes
depends on the population range & environment studied
102
interaction
the interplay that occurs when the effect of a factor depends on another
103
epigenetics
study of environmental influences on gene expression occurring without DNA change
104
prenatal - epigenetics
drugs
toxins
stress
nutrition
105
postnatal - epigenetics
neglect
abuse
variations in care
106
juvenile - epigenetics
social contact
| environmental complexity
107
natural selection
the range of inherited genes that will be passed on to later generations that contribute to reproduction & survival
108
mutation
random error in gene replication which leads to change
109
individual development is based on
biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences
110
biological influences
```
shred human genome
individual genetic variation
prenatal environment
sex-related genes
hormones
physiology
```
111
psychological influences
gene-environment interaction
neurological effect of early experiences
responses evoked by personality, gender, beliefs, feelings, and expectations
112
social-cultural influences
parental influences
peer influences
cultural attitudes & norms
cultural gender norms
