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psychology > unit 3: biological bases of behavior (9-15) > Flashcards

unit 3: biological bases of behavior (9-15) Flashcards

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1
Q

franz gall proposal

A

phrenology

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2
Q

phrenology (def)

A

skull reading through head bumps

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3
Q

phrenology (outcome)

A

false - however leads to the discovery of functional localization

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4
Q

neuron

A

nerve-cell

basic building block of the nervous system

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5
Q

dendrite

A

branch extensions that receive messages & conduct impulses

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6
Q

axon

A

the “spine” of the neuron

carries the impulse

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7
Q

myelin

A

layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon

allows for faster & greater transmission

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8
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse

brief electric charge that travels down the axon

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9
Q

refractory period

A

period of inactivity after a neuron fires

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10
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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11
Q

all-or-none response

A

a neuron’s reaction: firing or not firing

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12
Q

synapse

A

junction of space between two neurons

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13
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger that travels through the synapse

influence whether or not a neuron will generate a response

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14
Q

reuptake

A

excess neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

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15
Q

acetylcholine

A

MLM
muscle action
learning
memory

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16
Q

dopamine

A 
MALE
movement
attention
learning
emotion
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17
Q

serotonin

A 
HAMS
hunger
arousal
mood
sleep
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18
Q

norepinephrine

A

AA battery
arousal
alertness control

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19
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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20
Q

glumate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter

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21
Q

endorphin

A

literal meaning “morphine within”

natural opiate-like neurotransmitter linked to pain control and pleasure

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22
Q

agonist

A

molecule that STIMULATES a response by binding to a receptor site

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23
Q

antagonist

A

molecule that BLOCKS a response by binding to a receptor site

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24
Q

nervous system layout/parts

A

nervous sys: central & peripheral

peripheral: somatic & autonomic
autonomic: sympathetic & parasympathetic

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25
Q

nervous system

A

body’s electrochemical networking

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26
Q

peripheral (PNS)

A

sensory and motor neurons linking the CNS to the body

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27
Q

central (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

somatic

A

division of the PNS controlling VOLUNTARY skeletal movement

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29
Q

autonomic

A

division of the PNS controlling self-regulated/INVOLUNTARY actions of organs & glands

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30
Q

sympathetic

A

division of the ANS arousing the body

mobilizes energy

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31
Q

parasympathetic

A

parachute

division of the ANS calming the body down

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32
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons forming neural cables that connect the CNS to muscles/glands/organs

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33
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons carrying incoming info from sensory receptors to the CNS

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34
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons carrying outgoing info from the CNS to muscles & glands

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35
Q

interneurons

A

neurons in the CNS

communicating/intervening between sensory & motor neurons

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36
Q

reflexes

A

simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

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37
Q

endocrine system parts

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries/testes
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38
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system

made up of organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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39
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers made by endocrine glands, they travel through the bloodstream & affect other tissues

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40
Q

hypothalamus

A

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

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41
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland

chooses the hormones to secrete

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42
Q

thyroid

A

affects metabolism

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43
Q

parathyroid

A

regulate calcium in the blood

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44
Q

adrenal glands

A

inner trigger the the fight-or-flight response

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45
Q

pancreas

A

regulates sugar in the blood

46
Q

ovaries/testes

A

secretes sex hormones

47
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction

can be caused naturally or experimentally

48
Q

5 ways of brain mapping

A 
EEG
CT scan
PET scan
MRI
fMRI
49
Q

EEG

A

amplified recording of the electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface
measured through electrodes on the scalp
graph of squiggly lines

50
Q

CT scan

A

xray photos taken at different angles & combined to form a composite representation of a slice of brain structure
b&w, shows all structures, transverse slice

51
Q

PET scan

A

visual display of brain activity by detecting a form of radioactive glucose while the brain does a task
fully colored

52
Q

MRI

A

using magnetic fields + radio waves to produce soft tissue scans
show brain anatomy

53
Q

fMRI

A

reveals the bloodflow which reveals brain activity

show anatomy, structure, and activity

54
Q

older brain structures

A

brainstem
thalamus
reticular formation
cerebellum

55
Q

brainstem

A

automatic survival functions

56
Q

brainstem parts

A

pons

medulla

57
Q

pons

A

coordination of movement

58
Q

medulla

A

controls heartbeat & breathing

59
Q

thalamus

A

sensory control center
transmits messages from the cerebellum to the medulla
receives info from the senses (except smell)

60
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network traveling through the brainstem and thalamus

contols arousal

61
Q

reticular formation - damage

A

coma

62
Q

older brain function ocurrence

A

without a conscious effort

63
Q

limbic system

A

neural system associated with emotions and drives

64
Q

hippocampus

A

processes conscious memory

65
Q

hippocampus - damage

A

new memories cannot be formed

66
Q

amygdala

A

2 lima bean shaped clusters

linked to emotion

67
Q

hypothalamus

A

neural structure associated with maintenance activities
helps govern the endocrine system
linked to emotion & reward

68
Q

corpus callosum

A

axon fibers connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

69
Q

cerebral cortex

A

interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres
ultimate control & information processing center
**thin surface layer

70
Q

spinal cord

A

pathway for neural fibers traveling to & from the brain

controls simple reflexes

71
Q

glial cells

A

nervous cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons

play important role in learning & thinking

72
Q

frontal lobe

A

speaking
muscle movement
make plans & judgment

73
Q

parietal lobe

A

receive sensory info (taste and touch: pressure, pain, heat, cold, tension)
body position

74
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes vision

75
Q

temporal lobe

A

process audio from opposite ear

process smell

76
Q

motor cortex

A

area in the rear of the frontal lobe
controls voluntary movement
precise control = larger cortical space (ex. fingers, mouth)

77
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

between motor cortex & parietal lobe
register & process touch & movement sensation
nonsensitive areas = larger space

78
Q

motor vs somatosensory

A 
somatosensory = input
motor = output
79
Q

association areas

A

cerebral cortex areas involved in higher mental functions

80
Q

higher mental functions

A

learning
thinking
remembering
speaking

81
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

enables judgment
planning
process new memories

82
Q

parietal lobe association areas

A

enable mathematical & spatial reasoning

83
Q

brain plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change (especially during childhood)

recognizing and building new pathways

84
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons

85
Q

damages neurons

A

don’t regenerate

86
Q

corpus callosum

A

large neural fiber band connecting the 2 brain hemispheres & sending messages between them

87
Q

split brain procedure

A

condition resulting from surgery that isolates the 2 hemispheres by cutting the corpus callosum

88
Q

left hemisphere

A

sees the parts
mathematical
controls the right side of the body

89
Q

right hemisphere

A

sees the whole
artistic
controls the left side of the body

90
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

91
Q

dual-processing

A

principle that our brain simultaneously processes consciously and unconsciously

92
Q

behavior genetics

A

study of relative power/limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

93
Q

environment

A

all external influences from potential nutrition to everything around us

94
Q

chromosome

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes

95
Q

dna

A

complex molecule containing genetic info

make up chromosomes

96
Q

genes

A

biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes

either expressed or inactive

97
Q

genome

A

complete instructions for making an organism

the genetic material in chromosomes

98
Q

identical twins

A

one egg splits into 2

99
Q

fraternal twins

A

2 separate eggs fertilized at the same time

100
Q

molecular genetics

A

biology subfield studying the molecule structure and function of genes

101
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals attributed to genes
depends on the population range & environment studied

102
Q

interaction

A

the interplay that occurs when the effect of a factor depends on another

103
Q

epigenetics

A

study of environmental influences on gene expression occurring without DNA change

104
Q

prenatal - epigenetics

A

drugs
toxins
stress
nutrition

105
Q

postnatal - epigenetics

A

neglect
abuse
variations in care

106
Q

juvenile - epigenetics

A

social contact

environmental complexity

107
Q

natural selection

A

the range of inherited genes that will be passed on to later generations that contribute to reproduction & survival

108
Q

mutation

A

random error in gene replication which leads to change

109
Q

individual development is based on

A

biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences

110
Q

biological influences

A 
shred human genome
individual genetic variation
prenatal environment
sex-related genes
hormones
physiology
111
Q

psychological influences

A

gene-environment interaction
neurological effect of early experiences
responses evoked by personality, gender, beliefs, feelings, and expectations

112
Q

social-cultural influences

A

parental influences
peer influences
cultural attitudes & norms
cultural gender norms

psychology (4 decks)

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