unit 4: sensation and perception (16-21) Flashcards
sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory info
enables us to recognize meaningful events & objects
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration
top-down processing
info processing guided by higher level mental processes as we construct perceptions drawing on experience and expectation
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
inattention blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is elsewhere
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment
out of sight
out of mind
transduction
conversion of one energy form into another
psychophysics
the study of the relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
threshold
the lowest point at which a stimulus causes a response
absolute threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular response 50%
signal detection theory
a theory predicting how/when we detect stimuli amid background stimuli
assumes there’s no single absolute threshold and that detection partially depends on one’s psychological state
subliminal
below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
priming
the activation, often unconscious, of certain associations which predispose one’s perception, memory, or response
difference threshold
minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for 50% detection
weber’s law
principle stating 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (not a constant amount) to perceive change
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
perpetual set
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
ESP
controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
parapsychology
the study of paranormal behavior
parapsychology concepts
telepathy
clairvoyance
precognition
telepathy
mind to mind communication
clairvoyance
perceiving remote events
ex. house fire in another state
precognition
perceiving future events
ex. unexpected death next month
light wave measurement
wavelength
amplitude
intensity
hue
wavelength
distance from one peak to the next
determines hue
long wavelength
low frequency
red or low pitch
short wavelength
high frequency
blue or high pitch
intensity/amplitude
the amount of energy
brightness or loudness
short amplitude
dull colors
quiet sounds
tall amplitude
bright colors
loud sounds
parts of the eye
pupil iris lens retina cornea fovea blind spot optic nerve
pupil
adjustable opening in the center of the eye where light enters
iris
ring of colored muscle tissue that controls the size of the pupil
lens
transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
retina
sensitive inner surface of the eye in charge of beginning the processing of visual informaton
contains rods and cones