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psychology > unit 7: cognition (31-36) > Flashcards

unit 7: cognition (31-36) Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

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2
Q

encode

A

processing of info into the memory system

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3
Q

store

A

process of retaining encoded info over time

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4
Q

retrieve

A

process of getting info out of memory storage

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5
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects simultaneously

**natural mode for processing several things

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6
Q

connectionism

A

viewing memories as products of interconnected neural networks

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7
Q

sensory memory

A

the brief, immediate recording of sensory info in the memory system

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8
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few things for a short amount of time

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9
Q

long-term memory

A

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

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10
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming
auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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11
Q

explicit/declarative memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”

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12
Q

implicit memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection

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13
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention a conscious effort

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14
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information

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15
Q

without a conscious effort, we automatically process:

A

space, time, frequency

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli

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17
Q

echoic memory

A

fleeting sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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18
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

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19
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids

**techniques using vivid imagery & organizational techniques

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20
Q

3 effortful processing strategies

A

chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies

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21
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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22
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

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23
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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24
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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25
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

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26
Q

cerebellum

A 
forms and stores implicit memories
monitor & regulate behavior/automatic movements
coordinating voluntary movement
posture, balance, reflex memory
timing, sequence memory
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27
Q

basal ganglia

A

movement regulation
skill learning (procedural memory)
habit formation
reward systems

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28
Q

amygdala

A

emotion processing
learning
fight or flight response
reward processing

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29
Q

flashbulb memories

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

30
Q

long-term potentiation

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
neural basis for learning and memory

31
Q

2 memory systems

A

automatic and effortful

32
Q

automatic: implicit memory: processed in the cerebellum & basal ganglia

A

space, time, frequency
motor & cognitive skills
classical conditioning

33
Q

effortful: explicit memory: processed in hippocampus & frontal lobes

A

facts & general knowledge

personally experienced events

34
Q

3 measures of memory

A

recall
retention
relearning

35
Q

recall

A

retrieving info learned earlier

*fill-in-the-blank test

36
Q

recognition

A

identify terms previously learned

*multiple-choice test

37
Q

relearning

A

the amount of time saved after learning material again

38
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

39
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

tendency to recall experiences consistent with one’s current mood

40
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to recall the first and last items in a list

41
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

42
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to retrieve past memories

43
Q

forgetting curve

A

forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off over time

44
Q

proactive interference

A

past info disrupting new info

45
Q

retroactive interference

A

new info disrupting past info

46
Q

repression

A

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

47
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

48
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

49
Q

source amnesia + misinformation effect

A

false memories

50
Q

deja vu

A

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”

cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

51
Q

how to improve memory

A 
rehearse repeatedly
make the material meaningful
activate retrieval cues
use mnemonics
minimize interference
sleep more
self-test
52
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

53
Q

concept

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

54
Q

prototype

A

mental image or best example of a category

55
Q

creativity

A

the ability to create and produce novel ideas

56
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

57
Q

divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solutions

58
Q

5 components of creativity

A 
expertise
imaginative thinking skills
venturesome personality
intrinsic motivation
creative environment
59
Q

algorithm

A

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees to solve a particular problem

60
Q

heuristic

A

simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

61
Q

insight

A

sudden realization of a problem’s solution

62
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

63
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way

64
Q

intuition

A

effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

65
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
may lead us to ignore other relevant information

66
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common

67
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

68
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

69
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed

can significantly affect decisions and judgments

70
Q

main points of intuition

A

intuition is huge
intuition is usually adaptive
intuition is recognition born of experience

psychology (4 decks)

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