unit 7: cognition (31-36) Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info
encode
processing of info into the memory system
store
process of retaining encoded info over time
retrieve
process of getting info out of memory storage
parallel processing
processing many aspects simultaneously
**natural mode for processing several things
connectionism
viewing memories as products of interconnected neural networks
sensory memory
the brief, immediate recording of sensory info in the memory system
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few things for a short amount of time
long-term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming
auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
explicit/declarative memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention a conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information
without a conscious effort, we automatically process:
space, time, frequency
iconic memory
fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli
echoic memory
fleeting sensory memory of auditory stimuli
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
mnemonics
memory aids
**techniques using vivid imagery & organizational techniques
3 effortful processing strategies
chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
cerebellum
forms and stores implicit memories monitor & regulate behavior/automatic movements coordinating voluntary movement posture, balance, reflex memory timing, sequence memory
basal ganglia
movement regulation
skill learning (procedural memory)
habit formation
reward systems
amygdala
emotion processing
learning
fight or flight response
reward processing