unit 7: cognition (31-36)

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

Question 2

encode

Answer 2

processing of info into the memory system

Question 3

store

Answer 3

process of retaining encoded info over time

Question 4

retrieve

Answer 4

process of getting info out of memory storage

Question 5

parallel processing

Answer 5

processing many aspects simultaneously

**natural mode for processing several things

Question 6

connectionism

Answer 6

viewing memories as products of interconnected neural networks

Question 7

sensory memory

Answer 7

the brief, immediate recording of sensory info in the memory system

Question 8

short-term memory

Answer 8

activated memory that holds a few things for a short amount of time

Question 9

long-term memory

Answer 9

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 10

working memory

Answer 10

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming
auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 11

explicit/declarative memory

Answer 11

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”

Question 12

implicit memory

Answer 12

retention independent of conscious recollection

Question 13

effortful processing

Answer 13

encoding that requires attention a conscious effort

Question 14

automatic processing

Answer 14

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information

Question 15

without a conscious effort, we automatically process:

Answer 15

space, time, frequency

Question 16

iconic memory

Answer 16

fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli

Question 17

echoic memory

Answer 17

fleeting sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Question 18

chunking

Answer 18

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Question 19

mnemonics

Answer 19

memory aids

**techniques using vivid imagery & organizational techniques

Question 20

3 effortful processing strategies

Answer 20

chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies

Question 21

spacing effect

Answer 21

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 22

testing effect

Answer 22

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Question 23

shallow processing

Answer 23

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 24

deep processing

Answer 24

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Question 25

hippocampus

Answer 25

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Question 26

cerebellum

Answer 26

``` forms and stores implicit memories monitor & regulate behavior/automatic movements coordinating voluntary movement posture, balance, reflex memory timing, sequence memory ```

Question 27

basal ganglia

Answer 27

movement regulation skill learning (procedural memory) habit formation reward systems

Question 28

amygdala

Answer 28

emotion processing learning fight or flight response reward processing

Question 29

flashbulb memories

Answer 29

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 30

long-term potentiation

Answer 30

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation neural basis for learning and memory

Question 31

2 memory systems

Answer 31

automatic and effortful

Question 32

automatic: implicit memory: processed in the cerebellum & basal ganglia

Answer 32

space, time, frequency motor & cognitive skills classical conditioning

Question 33

effortful: explicit memory: processed in hippocampus & frontal lobes

Answer 33

facts & general knowledge | personally experienced events

Question 34

3 measures of memory

Answer 34

recall retention relearning

Question 35

recall

Answer 35

retrieving info learned earlier | *fill-in-the-blank test

Question 36

recognition

Answer 36

identify terms previously learned | *multiple-choice test

Question 37

relearning

Answer 37

the amount of time saved after learning material again

Question 38

priming

Answer 38

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 39

mood-congruent memory

Answer 39

tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current mood

Question 40

serial position effect

Answer 40

tendency to recall the first and last items in a list

Question 41

anterograde amnesia

Answer 41

inability to form new memories

Question 42

retrograde amnesia

Answer 42

inability to retrieve past memories

Question 43

forgetting curve

Answer 43

forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off over time

Question 44

proactive interference

Answer 44

past info disrupting new info

Question 45

retroactive interference

Answer 45

new info disrupting past info

Question 46

repression

Answer 46

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 47

misinformation effect

Answer 47

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

Question 48

source amnesia

Answer 48

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Question 49

source amnesia + misinformation effect

Answer 49

false memories

Question 50

deja vu

Answer 50

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” | cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Question 51

how to improve memory

Answer 51

``` rehearse repeatedly make the material meaningful activate retrieval cues use mnemonics minimize interference sleep more self-test ```

Question 52

cognition

Answer 52

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 53

concept

Answer 53

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 54

prototype

Answer 54

mental image or best example of a category

Question 55

creativity

Answer 55

the ability to create and produce novel ideas

Question 56

convergent thinking

Answer 56

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Question 57

divergent thinking

Answer 57

expands the number of possible problem solutions

Question 58

5 components of creativity

Answer 58

``` expertise imaginative thinking skills venturesome personality intrinsic motivation creative environment ```

Question 59

algorithm

Answer 59

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees to solve a particular problem

Question 60

heuristic

Answer 60

simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

Question 61

insight

Answer 61

sudden realization of a problem’s solution

Question 62

confirmation bias

Answer 62

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 63

mental set

Answer 63

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way

Question 64

intuition

Answer 64

effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

Question 65

representativeness heuristic

Answer 65

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Question 66

availability heuristic

Answer 66

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common

Question 67

overconfidence

Answer 67

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Question 68

belief perseverance

Answer 68

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 69

framing

Answer 69

the way an issue is posed | can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Question 70

main points of intuition

Answer 70

intuition is huge intuition is usually adaptive intuition is recognition born of experience