units 1 & 2

Question 1

Natural Selection

Answer 1

*Darwin
-a mechanism that can lead to adaptive evolution
-differences in the phenotypes of individuals cause some of them to survive and reproduce more effectively than others

Question 2

Descent with modification

Answer 2

*Darwin
the passing of traits from parents to offspring
-over time this process could account for gradual change in species traits and homology
**way to classify species

Question 3

Homology

Answer 3

similarity of characteristics resulting from shared ancestry

Question 4

Homologous characteristic

Answer 4

similar in two or more species because it is inherited from a common ancestor

Question 5

Mary Anning

Answer 5

paleontologist that discovered jurassic marine fossil beds in England

Question 6

How do mutations lead to evolutionary change?

Answer 6

creates a new DNA sequences for a particular gene thus creating a new allele

Question 7

Convergent Evolution

Answer 7

occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to selective pressures
*these adaptive traits are known as analogous structures (homologous structures have a common origin)

Question 8

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 8

the movement of genetic information between organisms, the spread of antibiotic resistances genes among bacteria which fuels pathogen evolution

Question 9

Synapomorphy

Answer 9

-occurs when populations are in the same geographic area
-derived form of a trait that is shared by a group of related species

Question 10

Artificial selection

Answer 10

-the selective breeding of animals and plants to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits
-individuals with preferred characteristics are mated or cross pollinated with other individuals having similar traits

Question 11

Zoonosis

Answer 11

a disease which can be transmitted to humans from animals

Question 12

Viral reassortment

Answer 12

occurs when genetic material from different strains is mixed into new combinations with a single cell

Question 13

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 13

-an expert on plants and invertebrates
-found anatomical similarities between species
**living things evolved in a continuously upward direction

Question 14

Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species

Answer 14

-naturalist best known for natural selection
-species can change over time, new species come from preexisting species and all species share a common ancestor

Question 15

Tetrapod evolution and divergence

Answer 15

-a vertebrate with 4 limbs (descended from snakes, now mammals, birds, reptiles)

Question 16

Homoplasy

Answer 16

a character state similarity NOT due to shared descent
EX: convergent evolution

Question 17

How does meiosis generate genetic variation?

Answer 17

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes (1 from each parent) pair along their lengths and cross over then trade some of their genes
*recombination results in genetic variation

Question 18

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 18

the ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes when exposed to difference environmental conditions

Question 19

Antagonistic pleiotropy

Answer 19

the condition that occurs when a mutation with beneficial effects for one trait also causes detrimental effects on other traits

Question 20

Genetic Bottleneck

Answer 20

an event in which the number of individuals in a population is reduced drastically
*even if temporary, it has lasting effect on genetic variation of a population

Question 21

Founder Effect

Answer 21

*form of genetic drift
-the loss of allelic variation that accompanies the founding of a new population from a very small number of individuals
-this effect can cause the new population to differ considerably from the OG population

Question 22

Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection

Answer 22

takes place when rare genotypes have higher fitness than common genotypes
*can maintain genetic variation within populations

Question 23

Heterozygote Advantage

Answer 23

when selection favors heterozygote individuals over either the dominant homozygote or the recessive homozygote

Question 24

Inbreeding depression

Answer 24

a reduction in the average fitness of inbred individuals relative to that of outbred individuals
-arises because rare recessive alleles become expressed in a homozygous state where they can affect the performance of individuals

Question 25

Phenotypic variation is the ___

Answer 25

direct consequence of genetic variation
-acts with environment and beahvior

Question 26

Reaction norm

Answer 26

pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments
*depict how development maps the genotype into phenotype as a function of the environment

Question 27

Broad sense heritability

Answer 27

(H^2)
the proportion of the total phenotypic variance of a trait that is attributed to genetic variance
*look at equation

Question 28

Narrow sense heritability

Answer 28

(h^2)
proportion of the total phenotypic variance attributed to the additive effects of alleles

Question 29

Genetic linkage

Answer 29

genes that are close together on a chromosome that tend to “stick together”

Question 30

Selective sweep

Answer 30

when a new advantageous mutation eliminates or reduces variation in linked neutral sites as it increases in frequency in the population
*also genetic hitchhiking

Question 31

Preexisting sensory bias

Answer 31

female mating preferences for male traits

Question 32

Marie Curie

Answer 32

chemist who conducted research on radioactivity
-first woman to win a Nobel Prize twice!

Question 33

Ring Species

Answer 33

two populations do not interbreed that are living in the same region and connected by geographic ring of populations that can interbreed
EX: salamanders of Cali