ch. 12 evolution of life history and parental care

Question 1

Life History

Answer 1

the investment an organism makes in growth and reproduction

Question 2

Natural selection optimizes ____.

Answer 2

life history in light of trade-offs

Question 3

What drives the life history evolution in guppies?

Answer 3

predation risk

Question 4

Trade-off between ____ and _____.

Answer 4

reproduction, growth/survival

Question 5

Trade-offs

Answer 5

-arise when investment in one trait results in lower investment in another trait
**similar to patterns of antagonistic pleiotropy

Question 6

What is an example of sex role reversal?

Answer 6

Wattled jacanas because females compete over access to males

Question 7

Other examples of sex role reversal:

Answer 7

pipefish, seahorses, and other species in family syngnathidae

Question 8

Organisms may regulate the number of offspring to maximize fitness

Answer 8

-miscarriage
-cannibalism (male sand guppies)

Question 9

Organism may regulate the ____ to maximize fitness

Answer 9

sex ration

Question 10

Can species switch sex in trivers-willard-predicted manner?

Answer 10

yes, they start as females and breed as such when young and small but switch to male when they are large

Question 11

Frequency-dependent selection maintains ____ within populations.

Answer 11

variation

Question 12

Parental care creates opportunities for many kinds of conflicts:

Answer 12

-between parents
-among siblings
-between parents and offsprings
-sexes may maximize fitness differently

Question 13

_____ benefit when mother invests more in current offspring. ____ benefit by saving resources for future offspring.

Answer 13

Males, Females

Question 14

Postponing senescence is…

Answer 14

-calorie restriction can slow the aging process
-may involve trade-offs
-senescence results from a trade-off: reproduction early in life versus body maintenance for longevity

Question 15

Mother Hypothesis

Answer 15

risk of reproduction at older age selects for reduced fertility

Question 16

Grandmother Hypothesis

Answer 16

loss of fertility associated with shift in investment to grandchildren

Question 17

Menopause evolved ___ humans diverged from other apes.

Answer 17

after
(may be an adaptive trait)

Question 18

OSR is skewed towards females when

Answer 18

-males are required to nurture and bear offspring
-females are only limited by number of mates

Question 19

Under what condition would natural selection favor a mutation that is beneficial early in life but is harmful later?

Answer 19

high extrinsic mortality rate that keeps organism from reaching an old age

Question 20

In a polygynous species, the Travers-Willard hypothesis suggest that offspring sex ratios ?

Answer 20

a female in good condition may produce more sons than daughters