ch. 18: evolutionary medicine

Question 1

Virulence

Answer 1

the severity or harmfulness of a disease, pathogen or poison

Question 2

Pathogens evolve ____ than their hosts and have ___ for rapid evolution.

Answer 2

faster, potential

Question 3

Evolutionary Medicine

Answer 3

the integrated study of evolution and medicine to improve scientific understanding of human diseases and etiology of a disease

Question 4

Natural selection ____ environmental change

Answer 4

lags behind

Question 5

SNP

Answer 5

single nucleotide polymorphism
-some become fixed while others rose and declined

Question 6

Virulence can ____.

Answer 6

vary for different host-pathogen pairs

Question 7

Selection within host ____ rapid ____.

Answer 7

favors, replication (increased virulence)

Question 8

Selection across host ___ virulence.

Answer 8

favors reduced

Question 9

SARS-CoV-2 and HIV have what?

Answer 9

intra-patient variant diversity over time

Question 10

Sir Alexander Fleming

Answer 10

-professor of bacteriology at St. Mary’s Hospital in London
-(1928) noticed that staphylococcus bacteria inhibition on petri dish with mold growth which accidentally lead to first clinical application of antibiotics (**penicillin)

Question 11

When was the introduction of penicilin?

Answer 11

1940’s
signaled era of antibiotics (one of the greatest advantages in therapeutic medicine)

Question 12

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 12

the ability of a bacteria to survive exposure to an antibiotic
EX: tuberculosis

Question 13

What are the effectiveness of most antibiotics?

Answer 13

short-lived

Question 14

Resistance ___ with frequency of antibiotic use

Answer 14

increases

Question 15

Chemotherapy resistance

Answer 15

evolve rapidly with mutation and strong selection for resistance cells

Question 16

Understanding the role of ___ in disease can lead to better ___ and can help predict ____.

Answer 16

genetic variation, treatments, drug reactions

Question 17

Flu virus

Answer 17

-each infected cell can make 100,000 to 1 million new copies of the viral genome
-dramatically increased mutation rate

Question 18

____ and _____ leads to rapid evolution

Answer 18

viral reassortment (antigenic shift), antigenic drift

Question 19

Antigenetic drift

Answer 19

genetic variation in viruses from accumulation of mutations in viral genes coding for surface proteins recognized by host antibodies

Question 20

Antigenic Shift

Answer 20

process by which two or more different strains of a virus combine to form new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of original strains

Question 21

Virus survival depends on what?

Answer 21

host spread!

Question 22

The immune system ___ with pathogens

Answer 22

coevolves
*the relationship of viruses mirrors the relationship of their hosts

Question 23

Old Friend Hypothesis

Answer 23

proposes that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms and parasites increases a person susceptibility to allergic and autoimmune diseases

Question 24

Thrifty Genotype Hypothesis

Answer 24

proposes that alleles that were advantageous in past may have become detrimental in the modern world, contributing to metabolic syndrome, obesity and type 2 diabetes

Question 25

Evolution can be ___ to advance vaccinology

Answer 25

harnessed

Question 26

Patterns suggest hosts and parasites have been cospeciating for more than ___.

Answer 26

30 million years

Question 27

Comorbidities matter:

Answer 27

the simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient