ch. 18: evolutionary medicine Flashcards
Virulence
the severity or harmfulness of a disease, pathogen or poison
Pathogens evolve ____ than their hosts and have ___ for rapid evolution.
faster, potential
Evolutionary Medicine
the integrated study of evolution and medicine to improve scientific understanding of human diseases and etiology of a disease
Natural selection ____ environmental change
lags behind
SNP
single nucleotide polymorphism
-some become fixed while others rose and declined
Virulence can ____.
vary for different host-pathogen pairs
Selection within host ____ rapid ____.
favors, replication (increased virulence)
Selection across host ___ virulence.
favors reduced
SARS-CoV-2 and HIV have what?
intra-patient variant diversity over time
Sir Alexander Fleming
-professor of bacteriology at St. Mary’s Hospital in London
-(1928) noticed that staphylococcus bacteria inhibition on petri dish with mold growth which accidentally lead to first clinical application of antibiotics (**penicillin)
When was the introduction of penicilin?
1940’s
signaled era of antibiotics (one of the greatest advantages in therapeutic medicine)
Antibiotic resistance
the ability of a bacteria to survive exposure to an antibiotic
EX: tuberculosis
What are the effectiveness of most antibiotics?
short-lived
Resistance ___ with frequency of antibiotic use
increases
Chemotherapy resistance
evolve rapidly with mutation and strong selection for resistance cells
Understanding the role of ___ in disease can lead to better ___ and can help predict ____.
genetic variation, treatments, drug reactions
Flu virus
-each infected cell can make 100,000 to 1 million new copies of the viral genome
-dramatically increased mutation rate
____ and _____ leads to rapid evolution
viral reassortment (antigenic shift), antigenic drift
Antigenetic drift
genetic variation in viruses from accumulation of mutations in viral genes coding for surface proteins recognized by host antibodies
Antigenic Shift
process by which two or more different strains of a virus combine to form new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of original strains
Virus survival depends on what?
host spread!
The immune system ___ with pathogens
coevolves
*the relationship of viruses mirrors the relationship of their hosts
Old Friend Hypothesis
proposes that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms and parasites increases a person susceptibility to allergic and autoimmune diseases
Thrifty Genotype Hypothesis
proposes that alleles that were advantageous in past may have become detrimental in the modern world, contributing to metabolic syndrome, obesity and type 2 diabetes
Evolution can be ___ to advance vaccinology
harnessed
Patterns suggest hosts and parasites have been cospeciating for more than ___.
30 million years
Comorbidities matter:
the simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient
