ch. 16 brain and behavior

Question 1

Behavioral traits ___

Answer 1

vary

Question 2

Darwin’s 3 prerequisites

Answer 2

1. Heritable variation
2. Variation contributes to phenotypic differences among individuals
3. Causes variation in fitness (differential reproductive success)

Question 3

Genes influence behavior at ____

Answer 3

different time scales

Question 4

Behavioral Ecology

Answer 4

the science that explores the relationship between behavior, ecology, and evolution to elucidate the adaptive significance of animal action

Question 5

Behavior can evolve by ___

Answer 5

natural selection

Question 6

Animals use ____ to control behavior

Answer 6

neurons
-animal nervous systems evolved through the co-opting of genes with other functions

Question 7

What was the earliest fossil of brain evidence?

Answer 7

530 mya
Haikouichthys
-vertebrate brains are divided into specialized regions with organization remaining relatively conserved through time

Question 8

Nikolaas Tinbergen

Answer 8

laid the foundation for study of behavior in an evolutionary framework
-won Nobel Prize for behavioral studies
-experiments in herring gulls revealing nature of innate behaviors

Question 9

Individual Selection

Answer 9

differential fitness of individuals causes some genotypes to outcompete others and spread in the population
*individual selection happens more rapidly than group selection

Question 10

Group selection

Answer 10

differential fitness of behaviors supporting a group and causes some groups to outcompete others

Question 11

General Rule:

Answer 11

organisms are reproductively selfish

Question 12

Benefits of Sociality

Answer 12

1. increased vigilance
2. dilution effect
3. enhanced defense capability
4. cooperative foraging/hunting
5. improved defense of critical resources

Question 13

Costs of Sociality

Answer 13

1. increased conspicuousness to predators
2. increased competition for food
3. increased competition for mates
4. decreased certainty of paternity/maternity
5. increased transmission of disease/parasites

Question 14

Dilution Effect

Answer 14

“safety in numbers”

Question 15

Cooperative foraging

Answer 15

when prey is abundant, hunting in packs can result in more energy per day as pack size increases

Question 16

Coefficient of Relatedness (r)

Answer 16

the probability that two individuals share identical copies of a particular allele or is a proportion of alleles that are likely to be shared between two individuals

Question 17

Kin selection

Answer 17

selection arising from the indirect benefits of helping relatives

Question 18

Altruism

Answer 18

occurs whenever a helping individual behaves in a way that benefits another individual at a cost to its own fitness

Question 19

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 19

an individuals total fitness + reproductive success = direct fitness
increase in the reproduction of its relatives carrying the same alleles = indirect fitness
*Inclusive fitness = direct fitness + indirect fitness

Question 20

Hamilitons Rule

Answer 20

*when altruism is favored
an altruistic allele increases in frequency when:
rB > C

r= coefficient of relatedness between donor and recipient (ranges from 0 to 1)
B= benefit to recipient arising from help
C=cost to donor from helping

Question 21

Microbes

Answer 21

can display a range of behaviors
EX: aggregating to form spores

Question 22

Plants can be _______.

Answer 22

sensitive to light and touch and communicate by sending and receiving chemical signals

Question 23

Behavior evolves just like

Answer 23

any other trait

Question 24

The beginning of nervous systems evolved ?

Answer 24

early in the animal lineage

Question 25

Many behaviors are ?

Answer 25

innate
-innate behaviors provide clear examples of behavioral evolution