Unit2: non-verbal communication COMPLETE Flashcards
key concepts
what are the percentages of how much meaasge is portryaed in words, gestures and tone of voice
7% words
55% gestures
38% tone of voice
key concepts
what are the three ways of communicating?
gestures
posture
faceal expression
key concepts
what is a gesture?
a visual message. there ae cultural technical(olice trafficing) and coded gestures (sign language)
key concepts
what is posture?
the stance we adopt/ poosition /movements
key concepts
what are the universally recognised faceal expressions
suprise fear anger disgust happy sad
Core Theory
what is it?
social learing theory
core theory
defin observation
watching how others act / intercat
core theory
define imitaion
copying observed behaviour
core theory
define reinforcement
praise or positive consequences
core theory
define punishemnt
negative consequeces or told off
core theory
define role model
someone we look up to or an individual we aspire to, they are a influence
Core theory
what type of variations prove the learing theory
social and cultural ones
core theory
give and examle of cultural variation
(saudi arabia or france)
in saudi arabia woomen cant cross legs or have body contace in greetings as tsseen as disrespectful. where as in the uk wommen cross legs to be comformable and hug with body contact as a friendly gesture
core thoery
how does cultural variation work (observation imitaion reinforment rolemodels)
we observe how other around us interact within our culture . we are likely to imiate this as we see it every day and our role modles eg parents do this behaviour
core theory
how does the core thoery SLT and cultural variations support NVC being a product of nurture
if nvc was natural and instictive then we would not see cultural variations, this also enas all hunams should communicate in similar ways regardless of culture or upbringing
core theory
SLT criticisms:
punished NVC still persists , not explained
people cant actualy learn new NVC
cant explain siblings differnt NVC
ignores effect of nature
core theory
what is the first criticism of the slt (punished nvc)
the SLT cant explain why certain NVC communication may persist even if it as been punished. for example a chil may be told off for poking their tounge out but they may stil continue to do it
core theory
expland the second criticism of the SLT (cant learn new nvc)
the social learning theory suggests you can learn new ways of communicating non verbally, but this is not true.
efforts to teach offenders new body lanuage and facial expressions but this tends not work. if nvc was a result of learning it would not be so hard to learn new behaviour
explain the third criticism of SLT (cannot explain sibling differences)
the social learning theory cannot explain why siblngs brought up in the same environment but have differnent nvc. two brothers can be raised by the same community and have the same influences but have differnt wys of expressing thenselves non verbally.
core theory
explain the fourth SLT criticism (ignored effect of nature, long one)
the soical theory ignores the effect of nature. perhaps people cannot change they way they communcate because its innate.perhaphs siblings communicate differently due to not being genially identical. there is evidence to suggest that nature/biology has some influence on nvc, just as there are cultural variations too.there are also gestures and expressions which appear to be universal. this would suggest that these nonverbal communication are a product of human nature rather than learning
alternative theory
what does the evolutionary theory say about non verbal communication?
it says nvc is more a product of nature and biology. they say we a governed by instict
alternative theory
what does the evolutionary theory say about our nvc/ why do we have it?
it helps us live longer and pass on genes, these behaviuors over time have evolved and been passed on to help us survive and reproduce
alternative theory
how has the evolutionary theory been applied to non verbal communication?
behaviours than appear to be universal have been applied. we would say that certain forms of nvc have evolved to help us survice/reproduce, this was useful in prehistoric times as we could not yet communicate then
alternative theory
what behaviuors/gestures have been linked with survival?
warding of potential ememies or threats
reducing confict or threat
allowing people to cooperate so they can survive
alternative theory
what behaviours/ gestures have been linked to reproducing/
allowing people to court/flirt with each other
making a person appear attactive
helping people communicate within a relationship
cre study
what was yuki et al. aim/
‘are the windows to the soul the same in the east and the west?’ they wanted to see if cultural differnces in japan and the us affect how the read emotions using eyes and moths as cues
core study
what was yuki’s procedure/
the participants were 118 american and 95 japanese volunteer university students. they completed a questionnaire where they had to rate on a scale of 1(very sad) to 9(very happy) on six computer generatedfaces/emoticons with combinations of happy an sad eyes and mouths
at the end of the study the participants were thanked and debriefed
core study
what was yukis hypothesis/ predidction?
japanese pay more attention to eyes as they hide emotion in their culture where as american pay more ttention to moths as emotions are more open in their culture
core study
what were yuki’s results
in line with what he said in his hypothesis the two cultures responded differently to the emoticons.
core stdy
what did ykui conclude
that there are cultural variations and differences in how emotions are expressed and interpreted. this suggest this aspect of non verbal communication is affected by unbringing and cultural experiences
core study
what did the japanese give their highes rating to?
faces with happy eyes
core study
what did the american give their highest rating to?
faces with happy mouths
core study
what did yuki conclude
that there are cultural differnces in how emotion are expressed and inerpreted. this suggests that this aspect of overbal communciation is affected by upbringing and cultrual experiences
core study
what are the basic 3 criticisms of yuki?
research lacks ecological validity
sample unreprentitive
dependent varable simply measured
core study
expand on the first criticism (ecological validity)
the study used emoticons rather than real life faces so how much can we generalise to everyday encounter. yuki et al did test using rwal faces but got similar results, this may be due to usind 2D photgraphs not 3Dimages. in addition the conditions were arificial cand could make participants feel awkward or inhinited.
core study
expand on the second criticism ( sample)
they only used/represneted a very narrow age group, it might be that young children or the older genrgation may interpret emotions differently
core study
expand on the last criticism (dependent variable measured)
recognising emotion is a very complicated/complex process and yuki only used a rating scale of 1 to 9, it this reliable enough?
applications
what was the training program made due to the social learning theory?
socila skills training
applications
how was the social skills training applied to the rehabilitation of offenders?
they teach young offenders new ways of communication (body language and facial gestures)
applications
what are the four mechanisms of social skills training for young offenders/
- modelling
- practice
- feedback
- homework
applications
whats the phneumoic to remember the 4 mechanics?
magic
pigs
fly
happily
applications
what is meant by modelling in sst (social skills training)?
the trainer demonstrates or acts out the correct behaviour for the offender to watch
applications
what is meant by practice in the SST?
the oofender is invited to immitae the model behaviour demonsrated using role play to bulid up the desired behaviour
applications
what is meant by feedback in the SST?
the trainer commenst o the offenders practace performcae sometimes using a vidoe, this reinforces the behaviuor
applications
what is meant by homework in the SST
the task between sessions, the offender has to transfer newly aquired skils into real life situations. they then have to report back
applications
how else can the social skils training be used?
in manadging conflic
in employess (police, education ect)
customer service training
