Unit2: non-verbal communication COMPLETE

Question 1

key concepts

what are the percentages of how much meaasge is portryaed in words, gestures and tone of voice

Answer 1

7% words
55% gestures
38% tone of voice

Question 2

key concepts

what are the three ways of communicating?

Answer 2

gestures
posture
faceal expression

Question 3

key concepts

what is a gesture?

Answer 3

a visual message. there ae cultural technical(olice trafficing) and coded gestures (sign language)

Question 4

key concepts

what is posture?

Answer 4

the stance we adopt/ poosition /movements

Question 5

key concepts

what are the universally recognised faceal expressions

Answer 5

suprise
fear
anger
disgust
happy
sad

Question 6

Core Theory

what is it?

Answer 6

social learing theory

Question 7

core theory

defin observation

Answer 7

watching how others act / intercat

Question 8

core theory

define imitaion

Answer 8

copying observed behaviour

Question 9

core theory

define reinforcement

Answer 9

praise or positive consequences

Question 10

core theory

define punishemnt

Answer 10

negative consequeces or told off

Question 11

core theory

define role model

Answer 11

someone we look up to or an individual we aspire to, they are a influence

Question 12

Core theory

what type of variations prove the learing theory

Answer 12

social and cultural ones

Question 13

core theory
give and examle of cultural variation
(saudi arabia or france)

Answer 13

in saudi arabia woomen cant cross legs or have body contace in greetings as tsseen as disrespectful. where as in the uk wommen cross legs to be comformable and hug with body contact as a friendly gesture

Question 14

core thoery

how does cultural variation work (observation imitaion reinforment rolemodels)

Answer 14

we observe how other around us interact within our culture . we are likely to imiate this as we see it every day and our role modles eg parents do this behaviour

Question 15

core theory

how does the core thoery SLT and cultural variations support NVC being a product of nurture

Answer 15

if nvc was natural and instictive then we would not see cultural variations, this also enas all hunams should communicate in similar ways regardless of culture or upbringing

Question 16

core theory

SLT criticisms:

Answer 16

punished NVC still persists , not explained
people cant actualy learn new NVC
cant explain siblings differnt NVC
ignores effect of nature

Question 17

core theory

what is the first criticism of the slt (punished nvc)

Answer 17

the SLT cant explain why certain NVC communication may persist even if it as been punished. for example a chil may be told off for poking their tounge out but they may stil continue to do it

Question 18

core theory

expland the second criticism of the SLT (cant learn new nvc)

Answer 18

the social learning theory suggests you can learn new ways of communicating non verbally, but this is not true.
efforts to teach offenders new body lanuage and facial expressions but this tends not work. if nvc was a result of learning it would not be so hard to learn new behaviour

Question 19

explain the third criticism of SLT (cannot explain sibling differences)

Answer 19

the social learning theory cannot explain why siblngs brought up in the same environment but have differnent nvc. two brothers can be raised by the same community and have the same influences but have differnt wys of expressing thenselves non verbally.

Question 20

core theory

explain the fourth SLT criticism (ignored effect of nature, long one)

Answer 20

the soical theory ignores the effect of nature. perhaps people cannot change they way they communcate because its innate.perhaphs siblings communicate differently due to not being genially identical. there is evidence to suggest that nature/biology has some influence on nvc, just as there are cultural variations too.there are also gestures and expressions which appear to be universal. this would suggest that these nonverbal communication are a product of human nature rather than learning

Question 21

alternative theory

what does the evolutionary theory say about non verbal communication?

Answer 21

it says nvc is more a product of nature and biology. they say we a governed by instict

Question 22

alternative theory

what does the evolutionary theory say about our nvc/ why do we have it?

Answer 22

it helps us live longer and pass on genes, these behaviuors over time have evolved and been passed on to help us survive and reproduce

Question 23

alternative theory

how has the evolutionary theory been applied to non verbal communication?

Answer 23

behaviours than appear to be universal have been applied. we would say that certain forms of nvc have evolved to help us survice/reproduce, this was useful in prehistoric times as we could not yet communicate then

Question 24

alternative theory

what behaviuors/gestures have been linked with survival?

Answer 24

warding of potential ememies or threats
reducing confict or threat
allowing people to cooperate so they can survive

Question 25

alternative theory

what behaviours/ gestures have been linked to reproducing/

Answer 25

allowing people to court/flirt with each other
making a person appear attactive
helping people communicate within a relationship

Question 26

cre study

what was yuki et al. aim/

Answer 26

‘are the windows to the soul the same in the east and the west?’ they wanted to see if cultural differnces in japan and the us affect how the read emotions using eyes and moths as cues

Question 27

core study

what was yuki’s procedure/

Answer 27

the participants were 118 american and 95 japanese volunteer university students. they completed a questionnaire where they had to rate on a scale of 1(very sad) to 9(very happy) on six computer generatedfaces/emoticons with combinations of happy an sad eyes and mouths
at the end of the study the participants were thanked and debriefed

Question 28

core study

what was yukis hypothesis/ predidction?

Answer 28

japanese pay more attention to eyes as they hide emotion in their culture where as american pay more ttention to moths as emotions are more open in their culture

Question 29

core study

what were yuki’s results

Answer 29

in line with what he said in his hypothesis the two cultures responded differently to the emoticons.

Question 30

core stdy

what did ykui conclude

Answer 30

that there are cultural variations and differences in how emotions are expressed and interpreted. this suggest this aspect of non verbal communication is affected by unbringing and cultural experiences

Question 31

core study

what did the japanese give their highes rating to?

Answer 31

faces with happy eyes

Question 32

core study

what did the american give their highest rating to?

Answer 32

faces with happy mouths

Question 33

core study

what did yuki conclude

Answer 33

that there are cultural differnces in how emotion are expressed and inerpreted. this suggests that this aspect of overbal communciation is affected by upbringing and cultrual experiences

Question 34

core study

what are the basic 3 criticisms of yuki?

Answer 34

research lacks ecological validity
sample unreprentitive
dependent varable simply measured

Question 35

core study

expand on the first criticism (ecological validity)

Answer 35

the study used emoticons rather than real life faces so how much can we generalise to everyday encounter. yuki et al did test using rwal faces but got similar results, this may be due to usind 2D photgraphs not 3Dimages. in addition the conditions were arificial cand could make participants feel awkward or inhinited.

Question 36

core study

expand on the second criticism ( sample)

Answer 36

they only used/represneted a very narrow age group, it might be that young children or the older genrgation may interpret emotions differently

Question 37

core study

expand on the last criticism (dependent variable measured)

Answer 37

recognising emotion is a very complicated/complex process and yuki only used a rating scale of 1 to 9, it this reliable enough?

Question 38

applications

what was the training program made due to the social learning theory?

Answer 38

socila skills training

Question 39

applications

how was the social skills training applied to the rehabilitation of offenders?

Answer 39

they teach young offenders new ways of communication (body language and facial gestures)

Question 40

applications

what are the four mechanisms of social skills training for young offenders/

Answer 40

1. modelling
2. practice
3. feedback
4. homework

Question 41

applications

whats the phneumoic to remember the 4 mechanics?

Answer 41

magic
pigs
fly
happily

Question 42

applications

what is meant by modelling in sst (social skills training)?

Answer 42

the trainer demonstrates or acts out the correct behaviour for the offender to watch

Question 43

applications

what is meant by practice in the SST?

Answer 43

the oofender is invited to immitae the model behaviour demonsrated using role play to bulid up the desired behaviour

Question 44

applications

what is meant by feedback in the SST?

Answer 44

the trainer commenst o the offenders practace performcae sometimes using a vidoe, this reinforces the behaviuor

Question 45

applications

what is meant by homework in the SST

Answer 45

the task between sessions, the offender has to transfer newly aquired skils into real life situations. they then have to report back

Question 46

applications

how else can the social skils training be used?

Answer 46

in manadging conflic
in employess (police, education ect)
customer service training