Memory Flashcards
What is information processing
The idea that information is processed through a number of stages
5 stages of information processing
In England sheep rob otters
Input Encoding Storage Retrieval Output
What is an input
Information entering form the environment
Eg.seneses or a visual visited
What is encoding
Putting info into a format
Eg. 2D into 3d
What is storage?
How info is filed away
Eg.saving a file or saving things for later
What is input
Last stage
Eg. A thought, writing, talking ect…
What is retrieval?
Info stored in a place ready to be accessed later
What is accessibility ?
a problem that occurs when we cannot access information
You know it is there but you want get it
“On the tip of my tounge”
What is availability?
A problem that happens when the information is no longer there any more and is gone
It has been displaced and is not available to find.
Usually happens as we don’t use it enough as there is not much room so it is displaced
Short term memory STM
What’s the capacity
And what happens to info
Limited capacity 5-9things and a duration if 20-30 secs
Info decays if not rehearsed
Core theory memory stores: what is the sensory store?
All immediate info is briefly held here and only sent to STM is attention is paid
Input is environment
Long term memory
What happens here
It gets here through Rehearsal and Is perminately stored there
Unlimited duration and capacity
Never displaced or decayed
What is decay
Fading of Info over time till it’s forgotten
What is displacement
A process where info is punched out when it’s not used enough
What does levels of processing say?
That we memorise info because I has meaning
Multi store model of memory criticisms
ignores individual differences (assumes everyone is the same and have the same memory capacity))
Simple STM and LTM ( critics says thyare not so simple whre infro just passes theorugh, they are more active and there are more than on LTM for certain memories)
Rehearsals over emphasised (not all infr has to be rehearsedeg smells phone numbers, names. meaning plays a part in memory)
What is shallow processing?
We don’t think about the meaning
We code it based on physical characteristics
What is deep processing
We think about the meaning and code it based on its meaning to use
Eg foot ball scores to a fan
What did terry aim to show?
To show that memory if affected by time and space
Terry’s procedure
What did he do and how?
39 students in a repeated measure design
Watched 15 adverts 10 months old x2
iV imediete vs delayed recall
DV brand names
How was terry a repeated measure design?
First set of ads with imediete recall
Second set with an interference before delayed recall
What did terry conclude?
That there is a serial position effect and a primacy and recency effect too.
The ads were recalled based on serial positions (time and space) this supports the msm
Criticisms of Terry’s adverts
Lab experiment ( lacks ecological validty as is artificial)
Easily cheat( demand characteristics)
Lack of validly/narrow investigation (thee is much more tomemory that comercials,its arificaly to make all the ads the same length ect to make it more valid)
Applications
Name 3 memory aids
Method of loci
Cues
Mind mapping
define input
the process of data entry
eg. typing ona keyboard
or visulal senses for humans
define encoding
the process in whichdata is changed into annother format
eg. computer change into binary
humasn change 3D image into 2D
define storage
the process in whcih information is held ready to be used at a later data. in computer terms (files)
in human terms ( palaced in a memeory store)
define retrieval
the process in which information is located and take out of storage
incomputer terms: searching for a file or oeping a document
in human terms: searching in the memory store or the information
define output
the process of using data after it has been retrieved.its the final stage
computer terms: printing or opeing a file
human terms: talking, image in our minds or a thoughts
define capacity
the amount of space in the meory
define duration
how long the infromation lasts in our memory
define displacement
a process in which informtion is “shunted out” of storage by new infromation and so become forgoten
define matintennce rehearsal
a process that basically invoves repeating informstion s that it stays in storage either temporarily or perminently
what is the role of rehersal in the multi store model of memory?
by doing it we can maintain information . by rehearsing for 30 seconds the info transfersinto LTM
applications
whats the use of cues?
it aids memory, it works by assuming that lost info is just accesable and can be retrieved, cues help trigger and access lost info.
they can be used in education
give example of cues
colour coding topics
mnuemonics
contex (smell taste place)
