Unit2 Element One Vineyard Management Part 1 Flashcards
What are the historical method for site selection, what grape to grow where?
Trial and error.
What are the modern approach for site selection?
Geographical information systems GIS and digitised databases.
Which are the key enviromental factors for a vineyard?
Availability of water, regional climate (temperature and sunlight) and quality of the soil.
Which are the two main types of access to water inthe vineyard?
Rainfall and irrigation
The amount of water needed by the vine are affected by som factors which are?
Climate, soil type, vine density, topografi, water timing and quality also affects.
When is a site suitable for viticulture with whe aspect of heat in mind?
The the vine has suficient but not exessive heat to go through its key developing stages.
Which are the key developmental stages of a season for the vine?
Floral initiation, budburst, flowering, fruit set, veraison and ripening.
What hapends with the yield when a site is to cold?
The yield is reduced due to a low phenological development, bud fruitfulness, and fruitset. Ripening is also affected.
How is the yield and quality affected if a site is to hot?
Initially a good vegetative vigour, bud fruitfullness and good fruitset, later problems with shading uneven veraison, this gives a competition among the bunches giving staggered ripening and low sugar content.
What are the level of sunshine required by vitis vinifera to ripen?
1250h
What sites can you use for maximising sunlight?
Slopes facing south
In hotter climate what can you do to lower the level of sunshine if you can choose a site.
Slopes facing away from the equator, row orientation.
What effect does canopy management have on a marginal climat site?
It can marginally increase sunlight exposure rendering a site better suitable.
What nutrients are a sandy soil in a high rainfall lacking?
Potasium, calcium and sulphur
What nutrient is a frequetly cultivated shallow soil lacking?
Nitrogen
Which are the factors other than climat soil and water if a site is suitable for viticulture?
Ascessability for tractors cars electricity, availability of labour and the route to the market for the final product.
How many grape varieties are in fomercial production?
1400
How many grape varieties including wild and table varieties are there in the world?
8000
Which are the main criterias of selecting variety?
Quality of the variety, the rate of completing its annual vegetative and reproductive cycle, yielding potential, restiatance to desease, legislation.
What are the square sides of an even hectare?
100x100m
How is planting density calculated?
Bomber of rows x number of vines in each row.
How does high density planting correlate to the quality of the wine?
There are a little direkt correlation, althought it increases the effective leaf surfade area in the vineyard.
How do you assist the vine when planting in an arid location?
A low density planting giving the rootsystem the possibility of pulling up more water from the ground.
How do you plant your vineyard in a wet soil?
High planting density forcing the vine to compete water.
What are the benefits of narrow alleyways in a vineyard?
It increases the canopy area, it can att as a windbreaker.
What are the disadvantages of narrow rowing in a vineyard?
Shading of the fruktig areas, requires the use of special tractors.
What are the rule for the connection between alley width and row hight?
Never narrower alleys than the row hight.
What is the correct distance between the plantings?
The one giving you a shoot density of 15 shoots per meter.
How can the distance between the plantings be when making wider alleyvays?
It can be increased since the vine have more soil available.
What are the factors influencing row orientation?
Shape of the field, Direction of the slope, prevailling wind.
In what direction are vineyard rows often planted in a cool climate?
In a north south direction, as this maximises sunlight interception in the autumnon both sides of the trellis.
How is the row orientation of vines producing marlboro SB?
East - West. Giving fruity aromas in the north side facing the equator, and green purazine aromas on the south side.
How did phylloxera influence the trellis systems of europe?
Before vineyards were planted closely together trellised on individual stakes or untrellised and worked by hand. After phylloxera the vineyards were planted in straight lines to enable animal use and mecanisation.
What is the task performed by a trellis system?
Support the grapevine framework.
What are the main reason for adopting more elaborate trellis systems?
Control of both vine vigour and vine disease?
Name a trellis system suited for high vigour sites.
Geneva double curtain.
How do you know if a trellis system is beneficial to build?
The benefits of the trellis system must be worth more than the cost of the materials and maintenance of the trellis system.
What are the factors for choosing a trellis system? 6*
*Legislation * geographical features wind temperature rain frostrisk *effectivness of light interception *cost and time of estaplishment *Mechanisation potential * popularity and attractivness.
How do you build a trellissystem to minimise the frost risk?
Build a higher trellis system.
How is the production of untrellised system?
Low production but a low cost to plant.
What are the benefits of a gobelet system?
Shading of the fruit, maintenance cost of the gobelet are low.
What are the disadvantages of the bush vine?
Low production, more proned to disease, manually pruning and harvest.
What kind of soil is staked vines suitable for?
Low vigour sites.
Staked vines are common in?
Cote Rotie, southern france, spain, portugal, italy, california and south africa.
What are the benefits of a single wire trellis system?
It is inexpensive to istall forms a continious row of foilage.
What are the disadvantages of a single wire system?
New shoots hang down, offering no protection to the fruit from sunburn.
How will a vine in high vigour act in a two wire vertical trellis system?
It will produce a lot of vegetative growth, this will require more foilage wires in order to keep the foilage of the ground.
Benefits of a VSP system?
It keeps the foilage of the gound, reduces risk for fungal desiases in humid places, it simplifies trimming and spraying operations. The fruit is in one zone and the shoot tips in another, trimming leaf removal and harvesting possible to mechanize.
How is a VSP system pruned?
It can be either spur-pruned or cane pruned. It can have one or two cordons.
Disadvantages of a VSP system?
High shoot density, prone to shade. Unsuited for high vigour varieties and sites.
Name two vertical divided tellis systems.
Scott Henry and Smart-Dyson. (Ballerina)
How is a vertical divides trellis system made?
With two fruiting wires at 1 and 1,15m. The upper is trained upwards and the lower is trained downwards. Canopy hight is about 2m requiring 2 m of row spacing. There are both spur-pruned and cane pruned versions of these systems.
Advantages of vertical divided systems compared to VSP?
Larger canopy area giving an increased potential for photosyntesis, Shoot density almost halved giving high fruit exposure increased and decrease in disease incidence. De vigoring effect on the vine as half of the shoots are trained downwards.
Disadvantages of an vertical divided trellis system.
Higher establishment cost due to extra wires. Greater level of expertise needed to instruct workers how to train the vines.
Mwhat kind of condidions are a geneva double curtain trellis system suited for?
Vigorous soils to improve yield and fruit composition.
How is a GDC system created?
With two horisontal condons with shoots trained downwards. The curtains are at least 1 m apart and the shoots at least 1 m long.
Advantages of GDC?
Divided canopy leading to reduction in shading, devigouring effect on the shoots due to downward shoot positioning, low density canopies, improved yields. Fruit exposed to the sun.
Drawbacks of GDC?
Expense of material and expertise required to train vines.
Places where thery use GDC?
Australia, California and parts of Italy.
What kind of soils are suitable for U shaped (lyre) trellis systems?
Medium to high vigour sites.
Places where they use Lyre trellis systems?
California, NZ, cool regions of Australia, Chile and Uruguay.
Benefits of a Lyre trellis system?
Open canopy leading to improvment in yield and grape quality, possible to machine pruning and harvest.
Drawback of a lyre system?
High cost of construction and maintenance, important to keep the U open to ensure leaf and fruit exposure. Constant trimming needed to keep the shape.
Benefits of an Pergola system?
Keeping the grapes of the moist area close to the ground, possible to grow other crops beneath the vines.
Places were they use a Pergola system?
Chile Argentina, Rias baixas, Italy.
What grapes are commonly grown in pergola systems?=
Table grapes.
Disadvantages of a pergola system?
Expensive system to build and maintain. If used in high vigour sites the canopy needs to be trimmed in order to avoid powdery mildew and botrytis.
What are the first steps to establish a vineyard?
Removing of existing vegetation, stones, former vines, trees etc. Trees to be uprooted as roots can harbour fungal diseases.
What to do with dips is the ground when establish a vineyard?
Level them to avoud root asphyxiation due to standing water, avoiding problems with passing machinery.
How to avoid erosion of the vineyard?
Planting trees, digging ditches above the field, establishing paths with ditches or surface guttering across the field. Planting along the contours. Sometimes advisable to break up the subsoil to a depth of 50-100cm this improved draining and rooting of the young vines.
What can be added to the soil before any plantings are made?
Farmyard manure to increase the organic matter, 10 years of slow releasing fertiliser depending on soil analyses. Ph to be adjusted to above 6,5 if possible using calcite (calcium carbonate) magnetite (magnesium carbonate or dolomite (mix of both)
What effects does plowing have when making a vineyard?
it burys existing vegetation, incorporates fertilisers and ingreases aeriation and drainage. It exposes large roots wich can be removed.
If you dont want to disinfent the soil to kill of nematodes how long time does it take for the soil to be clean?
5-8 years of fallow
What preparations are made just prior to planting?
A harrow soader or a rotary cultivator is used to level the soil and destroy weeds growing, this has to be done on dry soils.
What are the natural drainage ensuring?
It ensures that, water runs off surface, taken up by plant roots, absorbed into the pores of the soil particles, evaporates from the soil surface, drains down through the soil.
Ways to improve drainage?
Improving soil structure with manure, organic matter, grit, sand, lime stone. Ditches, drainage pipes, mole drain, sub soiling.
Disadvantages of terraces?
Very expensive to build.
When is the best time to plant rooted cuttings?
As early as possible but when the frost risk is over.
How is plants best kept if delivered before planting?
Protected from drying out kept dark cool place wither in plastic bags or in buckets of water.
When is the latest potted plants can be planted i the northern hemisphere?
As late as July
What is plastic mulching?
A plastic film 1m wide is unrolled in the yard, buried in the ends to a depth of 150 mm. Holes are punched in wich the planting is made, stakes are set next to the plant.
What are the benefits of machine planting?
Easier made straight rows with even spacing. Success depending on soil preparations.
Advantages of plastic mulching?
Young plants do not suffer from drougnt, no weed competition. Soil structure is maintained in the row. Soil temp increases micro bio activity in the soil.
Disadvanteges of plastic mulching?
Initial cost of plastic and machines, increased frost risk when the vine starts to grow earlier in the season.
Difficult to control weed along the rootstock, slugs mice and snakes harboured by the plastic, promotes superficial rooting, removal of plastic difficult.
What can be done to protect yound vines from vild animals?
Plastic sleeves for the plant to grow in, this also protects from drought and herbicides.
What care does young vines need?
Watering, weed control, protection from rabbits, protection from slugs, wind protection, desease protection, tying up and sumper pruning, replacment of unsuccesfull vines.
What are the purpuse of pruning?
To improve the fruit on the vine, making fruit less acidic and with higher sugar making it better for winemaking.
What are the balance of pruning aiming for?
A balance between canopy area and crop.
How doesd the number of buds left on the shoot impact the vigour of the canopy.
More buds left lowers the individual vigour as it has to share the vinter reserves in the plants root system.
What happenes to the crop if its not in balance to the canopy?
To much crop will give a high yiels of bad quality fruit and weaken the vine for the next season, to little crop on an overvigous will make the fruit grow past verasion lowering the quality of the fruit. They will also have a large leaf mass shading the fruit.
How does pruning and trellis system interact?
The pruning helps organising the plant on the trellis. This helps it to maximise photosyntesis (important in cool climates).
What density does an ideal canopy have?
15 shoots per meter evenly along the row with an leaf thickness of 1-1,5
How is the vines vigour measured?
The weight of wood a plant produces every year.
What factor determines the ratio between quality and fruit yield?
The saleprice of the wine?
What is the ideal winterweight of a shoot with moderate yield?
30-40g (pencil thick, 12-15 nodes internodal lenght 60mm)
What is the charge?
The number of buds left at winter pruning.
How can the count of ideal shoots produces in the previous season be made?
By counting every shoot or by removing the most of the canes weight them and divide the weight by 30-40. (The ideal weight of a shoot)
How is the charge change with the age of a wine?
It is increased in young vines and in mature vines to compensate for buds that wont break due to winter injury.
What is canopy management?
The organisation of shoots, leaves and fruit to maximise the quality of the microclimate of the leaves and fruit, Aim is improvement of quality yield and disease risk.
What does a shaded leaf contribute with on the vine?
Nothing, it respirates outstrips the photosystesis making the leaf leach on the vine.
How does shading impact budbreak?
It depresses the budbreak.
How does shading impact flowering?
Shaded flowers have less succesfull fertalisationand fruit set.
How does shading impact the fruitset?
They dont ripen as well (in cooler climate)
Protects from sunburn ( in hotter climate)
How does shading impact the fruit?
It makes the fruit more prone do disease, especially fungal disease.
What impact does canopy management have on the microclimate of the vine?
It uniforms it leading to a syncronised ripening.
How is a canopy management diagnosis made?
At ripening look for, leaf number (thickness of the canopy), percentage of exposed grapes, presence of lateral shoots, percentage of shoot tips that are still growing.
