Element One, Varietal Selection, Propagation and Tolerance to bad stuff

Question 1

Main criteria when selecting Vines? (4)

Answer 1

Adaption to the Climate
Resistance to disease
Adaptation to soil conditions
Economic characteristics

Question 2

Nurseries developed a large numer of hybrid rootstock by crossing V Berlandieri with V Riparia and V Rupestris, why?

Answer 2

Riparia and Rupestris have poor calcium tolerance, (European Soil) and Berlandieri and high but dont graft or root well from cuttings.

Question 3

Late 1950 hybrid occupided 30% of french vineyard area, why?

Answer 3

Downy mildew resistant hybrids was put in.

Question 4

What hybrid is still today used in germany and the sixth most planted red variety?

Answer 4

Regent

Question 5

what do mass selection or “selection massale” do?

Answer 5

before harvest, marking out the best plants to take cuttings from during the winter. Or Eliminating plants instead of selecting them.

Question 6

Clonal selection started in? (Country)

Answer 6

Germany on Silvaner

Question 7

The criteria for clonal Selection is? (7)

Answer 7

1. Yield
2. Sugar concentration and must acidity when ripe
3. Quality of phenolic and aroma content
4. Resistance to disease, drought, cold ect
5. freedom from viral infection - fan leaf, leaf roll, vein necrosis, corky bark and stem pitting
6. ease to grafting
7. Cost

Question 8

Disadvantages in clonal selection? (4)

Answer 8

Closely related - spread of disease
Specialised and only suitable for some regions
Increase in yield and overproduction
reduction of the vines genetic resources

Question 9

Vines are not often planted as seeds - why?

Answer 9

propagation from cuttings is quicker and easier. and allow grafting to Phy-resistant root.

Question 10

when taking hardwood cuttings, what is important? (2)

Answer 10

Collected in autumn or winter, high levels of carbohydrate reservs.
Wood to be well-ripened and healthy, green cell layers and full of sap.

Question 11

Cuttings, how long when taken and stored, what about pests?

Answer 11

30 - 40 cm and stored in 5°c, heat up in 50°c for 30 min to kill pests.

Question 12

The cutting needs to grow successfully and why? (3)

Answer 12

Plenty of water, as the leaves grow faster the the roots.
Warmth, temp at 15-25°c are best.
Loose, well-drained soil. High water holding, good drainage and protection from the vine weevils.

Question 13

Field-grafting is abandoned in favour of bench grafting, why?

Answer 13

indoors during winter, and machine not by hand as before

Question 14

How is Bench Grafting done?

Answer 14

Done in doors during winter, stored in damp sawdust.
Soaked for 24-48 h, scion dipped in paraffin wax to just below graft union to stop it from drying out.
High humidity 90% with good drainage and a temp at 21-29°c for 3-5 weeks. The Scion and Rootstock will now join together, re-dipped in paraffin and kept cold 1-4°c prior to planting. Planted and keep at 18-21°c for 7-10 days.

Question 15

Grafted rooted cuttings are sold as?

Answer 15

Rooted cutting, One season in a vine nursery.

Or as potted plants, Greenhouse and can be planted out within 10months of grafting.

Question 16

What is chip-budding and T-budding?

Answer 16

Where a bud from a new varietal is inserted on to the trunk of the old one.

Question 17

What is Cleft-grafting?

Answer 17

Sawing the trunk of the vine and inserting canes of the new variety into the cleft.

Question 18

Where works Cleft-grafting well?

Answer 18

on young vines in warm climates, need well aftercare of the plants..

Question 19

What are the symptoms of an Phylloxera infestation? (4)

Answer 19

1. Vines die of drought in patches that grow in size every year.
2. the roots are infected and covered in insects, yellow-brown and lemon-yellow eggs.
3. Nodosities (white or yellow) near the root tip on young vines and swelling on older roots.
4. pale green leaf galls on the under-surface of the leaves.

Question 20

What is the difference between how the nematodes species “Pratylenchus and Melodogyne” and “Xiphinema” effect the vine?

Answer 20

Pratylenchus and Melodogyne - damage by fedding off the roots
Xiphinema - tansmit viral diseases.

Question 21

What is the best way to get a resistant American rootstock to function in lime soils?

Answer 21

Crossing V Riparia/V Rupestris and V Berlandieri to a hybrid and sufficiently resistant to avoid chlorosis

Question 22

Excess acidity can give problems to rootstocks, what?

Answer 22

Aluminium toxicity

Question 23

High levels of salinity can give problems to rootstocks, what?

Answer 23

Disrupt water uptake and vine nutrition

Question 24

What rootstocks is best used in damp conditions?

Answer 24

Vitis Riparia

Question 25

What rootstock is best used in drought conditions?

Answer 25

Vitis Rupestris