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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Unit1Lec1-Introduction to Biology and Histology of Neurons and Gila > Flashcards

Unit1Lec1-Introduction to Biology and Histology of Neurons and Gila Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Anatomical components of the Nervous System?

A
  • Central Nervous Systen (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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2
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
  • Neuronal portions of the eye
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3
Q

What is included in the PNS?

A
  • Peripheral nerves
  • Nerve ending
  • Peripheral nerve ganglia
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4
Q

What two cells are included in the CNS and PNS?

A
  • Neurons
  • Glia/Supporting cells
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5
Q

List the cells in the brain (CNS)

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glia=Neuroglia (Astrocytes, Oligodendrites, Microglia)
  3. Endothelial cells (brain capillary)
  4. Ependymal (Epithelial-like cells)
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6
Q

Structure of neuron

A

(Several) dendrites, soma (cell body), axon, synapses

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7
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Conduct electrochemical signals after impulses are recieved on the dendrites or the cell body.

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8
Q

Describe the path of signals in a neuron

A
  • Signal is recieved by the dendrites to the cell body
  • Continues down the axon (myelinated or unmyelinated)
  • Signal then travels to the synapse that makes the connection to other nerves or muscle cells
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9
Q

How many types of neurons are there? List them

A

3 types of neurons
1. Bipolar
2. Pseudo-unipolar
3. Multipoplar

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10
Q

Describe bipolar neurons and where are they found?

A
  • A Single axon emerges from either side of the cell body
  • Found in sensory structures (retina, olfactory, epithelium, vestibular & auditory systems)
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11
Q

Describe the pseudo-unipolar neurons and where are they found?

A
  • A single axon divides a short distance from the cell body
  • Two branches: peripheral branch and central branch
  • Found in sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves
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12
Q

Describe multipolar neurons and what are some examples?

A
  • Many dendrites and a single long axon emerge from the cell body
  • e.g. Pyramidal neuron of the cerebral cortex
  • e.g Purkinje cell of the cerebeller cortex
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13
Q

What are the components (5) of the soma (cell body)?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleous
  • Nissl bodies
  • Lipofuscin pigment-“age pigment”
  • Intermediate filament
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14
Q

Describe Nissl bodies

A

Structures that hold ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

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15
Q

Describe Lipofuscin pigment (“age pigment”)

A
  • Staining that shows lysosomes with degradation products (residual bodies)
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16
Q

List the characteristics (4) of dendrites

A
  • Ramified, spiny, branches extending off the soma
  • Increase surface area of neuron for reception
  • Contain all proteins/organelles
  • NOT myelinated
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17
Q

True or False: Dendrites are mylienated

A

False

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18
Q

List the characteristics of axons

A
  • Singular, straight segment, with no spines
  • Responsible for conducting action potential
  • No Nissl bodies (e.g axon hillock)
  • CAN be myelinated
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19
Q

True of False: Axons can be either myelinated or unmyelinated

A

True

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20
Q

List the filaments that the neuronal cytoskeleton is made up of

A
  1. Microtubles
  2. Intermediate Filaments
  3. Microfilaments (actin)
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21
Q

True or false: the neuronal cytoskeleton are non-membranous organelles

A

True

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22
Q

What are microtubules composed of and the relative size?

A
  • Tubulin
  • 25 nm in diameter
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23
Q

What are Intermediate Filaments composed of and their relative size?

A
  • Composed of neurofilaments (light, medium, and heavy)
  • 10 nm in diameter
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24
Q

What are Microfilaments composed of and their relative size?

A
  • Actin
  • 3-5 nm in diameter
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25
Q

Microtubules play a part with which types of proteins in the cytoskeleton?

A

Motor proteins

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26
Q

What is the function of motor neurons

A

Bidirectional transport of molecules along the axon

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27
Q

List the 2 motor proteins

A
  • Kinesin (dimer w/ 2 identical motor heads)
  • Dyenin
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28
Q

What type of transport does kinesin mediate?

A

Anterograde

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29
Q

Describe Anterograde transport

Done by Kinesin

A
  • Movement of organelles, vesicles and neurotransmitters from soma (- end) to synapase (+ end)
  • Fast, Intermediate and Slow
  • “away from cell body”
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30
Q

What type of transport does Dynein mediate?

A

Retrograde transport

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31
Q

Describe Retrograde transport

Done by Dynein

A
  • Movement of organelles, vesicles and neurotransmitters from synapse (+ end) to soma (- end)
  • 1/2 rate of anterograde
  • “toward the cell body and termina end of axon”
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32
Q

Where else does Dynein play a role?

A

In cillary and flagellar movement

33
Q

What causes potential entry for harmful substances (e.g. virus)?

A

Retrograde transport (Dynein)

34
Q

What is need for kinesin and dynein to work?

A

ATP

35
Q

What cytoskeleton are intermediate filaments a part of and their composition?

A
  • Are a part of Neuronal and Glial cytoskeleton
  • Heterogenous group composed of 6 main classes
36
Q

What type of proteins are neurofilaments and where are they found?

A
  • Triple proteins (Light ,Middle, Heavy proteins)
  • Found in axon & dendrites of nerve cells
37
Q

List and describe the 3 types of neurofilaments

A
  1. Nestin: neuronal stem cells (nerve cells)- Type VI IF
  2. Glial Acidic Fibrillary Protein (GFAP): astrocytes- Type III IF
  3. Peripherin: peripherial nerve cells-Type III IF
38
Q

Why do pathologist primarily look at Intermediate filaments?

A

To determine what cell/type tissue they’re working

39
Q

Changes in neurofilaments within the brain are characteristics of what disease?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, which produces neurofibrillary tangles

40
Q

What are microfilaments composed of and list the two types?

A
  • Composed of the protein actin
  • G-actin (Globular)- free floating actin in cytoplasm
  • F-actin (Filamentous)-polymerized actin
41
Q

Describe the structure of F-actin

A
  • Plus-barbed end=fast growing
  • Minus-pointed end=slow growing
42
Q

Describe the mechanism occuring at the synapse

A

Action potential causes membrane depolarization—>leads to an Influx of Ca+ ions–>causes release of a neurotransmitter

43
Q

List and describe the 4 types of synapses

LOW yield

A
  1. Axosomatic- An axon terminal ending on the soma of a neuron
  2. Axoaxonic- Axon terminal contacting another axon terminal
  3. Axodendritic- An exon ending on a dendrite
  4. Axospinous-An axon terminal facing a dendritic spine
44
Q

What are neuroglia

A

Supporting cells of the nervous system. They are nonconductive but rather offer physical and metabolic support for neurons

45
Q

List the Peripheral (PNS) Neuroglia

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
46
Q

List the Central (CNS) Neuroglia

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Oligodendrocytes
47
Q

Only half the volume of the brain is occupied by neurons. The other half of the brain volume are…………

A

Neuroglia/glia

48
Q

What glia are present during development and what are their function?

A
  • Radial Glia (Bergman glia)
  • Serve as “scaffolding” for neurons migrating to their final location in the brain
49
Q

What are radial glia an example of?

A

The functional interdependence of neuroglial cells and neurons during development

50
Q

What are the two types of astrocytes and where are they found

A
  1. Protoplasmic (gray mattter)
  2. Fibrous (white matter)
51
Q

List the functions of Astrocytes

HIGH yield

A
  1. Nourishment, maintenance & protection of neurons
  2. Contribute to blood-brain barrier
  3. Glycogen stores
  4. Index of CNS toxicity
52
Q

Astrocytes interconnect and outline the CNS at the (4):

A
  1. Brain surface (glia limitans)
  2. Ependymal lining of the ventricles
  3. Synapses
  4. Blood vessels
53
Q

Astrocytes form and permit what?

A
  • Desmosomal (tight) junctions & Gap junctions
  • Permitting cell to cell transfer of small molecules/ions
54
Q

Astrocyte ________ to injury

A

React

55
Q

How do astrocytes react to injury?

A

Increases concentrations of GFAP fibrils at the site of injury forming a glial scar

56
Q

How do scientist detect CNS toxicity injuries?

A

Formation of glial scars by astrocytes

57
Q

What are Microglia?

A
  • Phagocytic cells of the CNS
  • The primary responders to injury of the brain

e.g. multiple sclerosis and trauma

58
Q

Mircoglia initiate the immune response by….

A
  • Releasing chemoattractants which recruit leukocytes across the BBB
  • Contains complement receptor 3 and MHC-II
59
Q

Why do microglial cells and astrocytes interact with each other?

A

To modulate immune responses

60
Q

Describe the stages of microglia showed in the photo

A

A. Quiescent (resting) microglia monitor CNS for injury
B. After damage, microglia progressively activate and thicken
C. Severe activation leads to rounding of cells to form macrophages

61
Q

Where are Oligodendrocytes found in the CNS?

A

White matter (fascicular)

62
Q

List the functions of oligodendrocytes

A
  1. Synthesize myelin sheath
  2. Insulates the axons and enhances speed of conduction of electrochemical impulses
  3. Wrap around axons of several CNS axons
63
Q

Where are Schwann Cells found?

A

PNS

64
Q

List the functions of Schwann cells

A
  1. Synthesize myelin sheaths
  2. Insulate the axons and enhances speed of conduction of electrochemical impulses
  3. Wrap around a single axon in the PNS
65
Q

What do Endothelial cells cover?

A

Blood vessels

66
Q

What are Non-Brain Fenestrated endothelial cells?

A

Non-brain fenestrated capillaries have small gaps in plasma membrane

67
Q

What are Brain Non-Fenestrated endothelial cells?

A

Brain Non-fenestrated capillaries have tight juntions between endothelial cells

68
Q

What forms the Blood Brain barrier

A

Formed by Endothelial cells with tight junctions+ glial foot processed of astrocytes

69
Q

What do astrocytes induce capillaries to form?

A

Zonula Occludens (tight junction) limiting diffusion of small molecules

70
Q

What do epithelial cells cover?

A

Outer surface of the internal organs and the body

71
Q

Functions of epithelial cells of the ependyma

A
  • Movement and absorption of CSF (via cilia and microvilli)
  • Bidirectional transport of materials between CSF and neuropil
72
Q

What do ependymal cells line?

A

The inner surface of the brain ventricles

73
Q

How can ependymal cells be modified? and are a part of?

A
  • Modified within the ventricles to produce CSF
  • Part of choroid plexus (CP)
74
Q
  1. All of the following are true regarding neuronal dendrites EXCEPT:
    A. Ramified, spiny branches
    B. Increase surface area of neuron
    C. Lack nissl bodies
    D. Not myelinated
A

c. lacks nissl bodies

75
Q

The movement of organelles, vesicles, and neurotransmitters from the synapse of a neuron to the soma (is referred to as ______ transport and is mediated by ______.)
A. retrograde; dynein
B. retrograde; kinesin
C. anterograde; dynein
D. anterograde; kinesin

A

a. retrograde; dynein

76
Q
  1. What is the primary function of epithelial cells in the ependyma?
    A. Form the blood brain barrier via tight junctions
    B. Synthesize myelin sheath surrounding axons
    C. Nourishment and protection of neurons
    D. Movement/absorption of CSF
A

d. movement/absorption of CSF

77
Q
  1. An MSP3 student is studying a newfound carcinogen which affects glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. Which of the following glial cells is most likely to be affected by this carcinogen?
    A. Astrocytes
    B. Schwann cells
    C. Microglia
    D. Oligodendrocytes
A

b. Schwann cells

78
Q
  1. Which of the following glial cells is the primary responder to injury of the brain?
    A. Astrocytes
    B. Schwann cells
    C. Microglia
    D. Oligodendrocytes
A

c. Microglia

Neuroscience Exam 1 (9 decks)

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