Unit 1.Lec 4-Synthesis, Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Local Current Flow

Concepts to Remember

A

Action Potential propagationn along unmyelinated axon

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2
Q

Explain Saltatory Conduction

Concepts to Remember

A

AP propagation along myelinated axons. Much faster conduction

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3
Q

Explain AP Refractory Period

Concepts to Remember

A
  • Time lag betweeen action potentials
  • Absolute vs. Relative
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4
Q

Explain Multiple Sclerosis

A

Degeneration of the myelin sheath. Conduction is slower.

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5
Q

Explain Synaptic Transmission

A

Transmitting the action potential to another cell

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6
Q

List the types of synapses

A
  • Electrical Synapse
  • Chemical Synapse
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7
Q

Explain Electrical Synpase

A

Passive Communication via the direct electrical coupling of two cells through gap junctions

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8
Q

Explain Chemical Synpase

A

Communication through the release and binding of neurotransmitters

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9
Q

How are gap junctions made in electrical synapsis

A
  • Several connexins make up one connexon
  • Two connexons combine to make a gap junction
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10
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of gap junctions (electrical synapsis)?

A
  • Pro: rapid signal transmission
  • Con: Postsynaptic signal=presynaptic signal (identical signal, ie. less plasticity)
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11
Q

What are the pros and cons of neurotransmitters (chemical synapses)?

A
  • Pros: Postsynaptic siganl differs from presynaptic signal
  • Cons: Slow signal transduction
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12
Q

What are the 6 main types of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Amino Acids
  • Purines
  • Biogenic Amines
  • Gases (NO, CO)
  • Peptides (much larger)
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13
Q

Which neurotransmitters are classified as small molecules?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Amino Acids
  • Biogenic Amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotin, histamine)
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14
Q

What are the two general categories of amino acid transmitters?

A
  • Inhibitory
  • Excitatory
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15
Q

What are the main inhibitory AA neurotransmitter? What are they responsible for and how does it occur?

A
  • Inhibitory AA
    1. 𝛾-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
    2. Glycine
  • Primarily responsible for IPSP’s(Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential) d/t an influx of Cl- ions and/or efflux of K+ ions

Drug e.g.- Phenobarbital, diazepan, vigabatrin

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16
Q

What are the main inhibitory AA neurotransmitter? What are they responsible for and how does it occur?

A
  • Inhibitory AA’s
    1. 𝛾-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
    2. Glycine
  • Primarily responsible for IPSP’s(Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential) d/t an influx of Cl- ions and/or efflux of K+ ions

(Drug e.g.- Phenobarbital, diazepan, vigabatrin)

17
Q

What are the main excitatory AA neurotransmitter? What are they responsible for and how does it occur?

A
  • Excitatory AA’s
    1. Glutamate
    2. Aspartate
    3. Acetylcholine
    4. Cathecholamines (Epi, NE, Dopamine)
    5. Serotonin
    6. Histamine
  • Primarly responsible for EPSP’s (Excitatory Postsynpatic Potential) d/t an influx of Ca2+

Drug e.g- Antagonist are Ketamine, Riluzole, and MSG is an Agonist)

18
Q

List the biogenic amines neurotransmitters?

A
  • Catecholamines
    1. Dopamine
    2. Epinephrine
    3. Norepinephrine
  • Indoleamine
    1. Serotonin
  • Imidazoleamine
    1. Histamine
19
Q

What are the precusors of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine

A
  • Tyrosine (which comes from diet or phenylalanine) is the prescusor to dopamine
  • Dopamine is the precusor for norephoinephrine which can become epinephrine
20
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for tyrosine to become dopamine?

A

Tryosine hydroxylase ( which increased when stressed)

21
Q

WHat is the precusor for histamine?

A

Histidine

Drug e,g.- H1 antagonist, diphnhydramine (lipophilic) + Loratadine/Claritin (lipophobic)

22
Q

What is the prescursor for serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action for peptide neurotransmitters?

A
  • Peptide NT enter inactive (prodrug) and become active @ target site
24
Q

List some examples (5) of pepitide neurotransmitters

A
  • Brain-gut peptides
  • Opoid peptides
  • Pituitary peptides
  • Hypothalamic-releasing peptides
  • Miscellaneous peptides
25
How are peptide drugs administered?
Peptide drugs need to be injected b/c if digested the GI tract wiil cleave them rendering them inactive
26
What is the mechanism of processing peptide neurotransmitters?
Initially the prepetide is cleaved to turn into an active peptide
27
List the life cycle of neurotransmitters
1. Synthesis 2. Packing (Transport) 2a. Docking (Priming) 3. (Fusion) Release (Exocytosis) 3a. Budding (Endocytosis) 4. Binding 5. Inactivation (Removal)
28
List the steps of Synthesis, & Packing/Transport of Small-Molecule Transmitter
1. **Enzymes** synthesized in the cell body and transported to the presynaptic nerve terminal 2. Transmitters (e.g. Ach, 5HT) are **synthesized** @ the **presynaptic nerve terminal** 3. Transmitters are stored in endosomes which bud off small, **CLEAR CORE vesicles**
29
Where are small-molecule transmitters enzymes synthesized and transported?
* In the cell body * Presynaptic nerve terminal
30
Where are the small molecule transmitters like ACh & 5HT synthesized?
Presynaptic nerve terminal
31
Where are the small molecule transmitters stored?
Endosomes which bud off small, **CLEAR CORE vesicles**
32
List the steps of synthesis, packing and transport of peptide transmitters
1. Large pro-peptide transmitters + enzymes are synthesized in **cell body** 2. Transmitter + enzymes are packaged in **DENSE CORE vesicles** which bud off Golgi apparatus 3. Dense core vesicles are transported down axon via **microtubles** 4. Emzymes process large pro-peptide at the **presynaptic terminal**