Unit1Lec 2-The Membrane Potential Flashcards

1
Q

Membranes consist of?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Proteins
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2
Q

Function of Phospholipid bilayer

A
  • Acts a barrier to many solutes
  • Makes a seperation b/n the extra-cellular and intra-cellular environment
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3
Q

Function of Transmembrane proteins

A
  • Provides permeation pathway
  • Acts a sensors that relay pathways
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4
Q

Transmembrane protein function and regulation is the essence of what three factors?

A
  1. Cellular communication
  2. Changing cellular fxn by controlling what goes into and out of cell
  3. Events that occur inside cell
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5
Q

List the 3 mechanism that transport across the membrane occurs

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Carrier Proteins
  3. Ion Channels
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6
Q

Explain Diffusion mechanism

A

Solute or small species can simply diffuse through the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Explain Carrier Protein mechanism

A

Proteins that provide help for solutes to cross the plasma membrane b/c they are too big or charged

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8
Q

Explain Ion Channel mechanism

A

Channels formed by some of the protein in the lipid bilayer, and form a water soluble channel that provides an environment for ions like Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca2+ to move from inside the cell to outside and vice versa

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9
Q

What type of molecules can cross the plasma membrane easily?

A

Only small, lipophilic molecules

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10
Q

What helps ions and larger molecules cross the membrane?

A
  • Ion channels
  • Transporters
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11
Q

Ion channels vs transporters

A
  • Ion channels: provide a continous aqueous space for ions to move
  • Transporters: Have a receptor to bind; binding causes a confirmation change that opens up to the other side. Then looses affinity to release it.
  • Ion channels are quicker than transporters
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12
Q

List the major classes of ion channel

A
  1. Leak
  2. Stretch-activated
  3. Ligand-gated
  4. Voltage-gated
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13
Q

Explain Leak ion channels

A

Constitutively active channels

Maintains the resting membrane potential of the cell

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13
Q

Explain Streched-activated ion channels

LOW yield

A

When the plasma membrane is stretched, channel is activated

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14
Q

Explain Ligand-gated ion channels

A

A molecule (i.e. neurotransmitter) binds to a protein to activate a channel

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15
Q

Explain voltage-gated ion channels

A

Channel activates following a change in membrane potential

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16
Q

Why does a voltage difference exists across the plasma membrane?

A

In resting state the inside of a cell is more negatively charged than its outside positively charged environment (charged gradient)

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17
Q

What is the voltage difference across the membrane called?

A

Membrane potential= Em or Vm

18
Q

What creates the membrane potential (Em)?

A

Different ions concentrations across the plasma membrane, and selective permeabilites of those ions,resulting in a charged gradient

19
Q

Explain action potential

A

Trasient changes in membrane potential caused by the orchestrated opening and closing of ions cells

20
Q

At rest what is the membrane potential of neurons?

21
Q

Describe the mechanism of the activation of a action potential for a nueronal cell

A

At rest: -70 mV–>action potential causes depolarization (- to +)–>Repolarization quickly occurs after (+ to -)—>then hyperpolarization happens (past -70 mV)

22
Q

Explain the equilibrium (nerst) potential (Eeq)

HIGH yield

A
  • Reflects a balance (at equilbrium) between the chemical gradient and electrical gradients for a single permeable ion
23
Q

What is the Nerst Equation?

HIGH yield

A

Eeq=58/z*log(co/ci)

z=ion charge
ci=internal concentration
co=external concentration

24
What determines the direction an ion moves?
Knowing the equilibriun and membrane potential for that ion
25
Where does membrane potential always want to go?
Towards equilibrium
26
If Em is **less** than Eeq what is the movement for a cation (+)?
Moves IN the cell
27
If Em is **more** than Eeq what is the movement for a cation (+)?
Moves OUT the cell
28
if Em is **less** than Eeq what is the movement for a anion(-)?
Moves OUT of the cell
29
if Em is **more** than Eeq what is the movement for a anion(-)?
Moves IN the cell
30
What determines the neuronal resting membrane potential?
The permeabilities and concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl
31
What is the concentration of Na+, K+, and Cl- inside and outside the cell at Em=-70mV? ## Footnote Equilibrium potential
* Inside: 10 Na+, 30 Cl-, 140 K+ * Outside: 145 Na+, 110 Cl-, 5K+
32
What is the membrane potential of Na+ for a resting neuron? ## Footnote HIGH yield
E(Na+)=+67 mV
33
What is the membrane potential of Cl- for a resting neuron? ## Footnote HIGH yield
E(Cl-)=-33 mV
34
What is the membrane potential of K+ for a resting neuron?
E(K+)= -84 mV
35
What is used to calculate membrane potential?
The Goldman Equation
36
Explain the Goldman Equation
Describes the resting membrane potential accounting for relative permeabilites, and concentration gradients of the three primary permeable ions
37
What is the Goldman Equation
Em=58log{(PK[Ko+]+PNa[Nao+]+PCl[Cli-])/(PK[Ki+]+PNa[Nai+]+PCl[Clo-])}
38
List the 2 mechanisms that Em can be changed by?
1. changing internal/external ionic concentrations (primarly K+) 2. changing the relative permeability of the ions across the plasma membrane
39
What ion is the resting mammalian neuron most permeable to and why?
K+, thus Em is closest to the equilibrium potential of K+ Resting potential= -70mV EK+= -87 mV
40
As external [K+] increase, Em becomes.....
Less negative (depolarization)
41
As external [K+] decreases, Em becomes....
More negative (hyperpolarization)
42
What occurs to Em when an ion increases permeability?
Em moves toward the equilbrium potential of the ion with increased permeability
43
6. Which of the following ions would cause the most substantial change in resting membrane potential (Em) if its external concentrations were increased? A. Na+ B. Cl- C. Ca2+ D. K+
d. K+