Unit1 Flashcards
Basic vocabulary essential for the rest of AP Comparative Government
- No separation of powers.
- Legislature makes laws but also appoints Prime Minister.
- Strong party loyalty.
Parliamentary
The idea that an independent variable causes or produces another variable
Causation
- Checks and balances, separation of power.
- Weak party loyalty.
- Strong executive branch.
- Ex. United States
Presidential
An official vote on a law or problem
Refrendums
Data built on factual statements
Empirical Data
Rules a state follows in exerting power
Regime
Carries out the laws & policies of the state.
Executive Branch
Measures ineqaulity
GINI Index
The ability of a state to self govern. A states independence
Sovereignty
- Symbolizes and represents the people.
- May or may not have policymaking power.
Head of State
Political power is concetrated in one place; policies are uniform
Unitary System
Group of people bound together by a common political, social, or religious identity
Nation
Devolution of power from the central government to more local levels
Federalism
In charge of actually running the government.
Head of Government
A government that is ruled by religion
Theocracy
Non elected officials
Bureacuracy
- Most important person in policy making.
- Varies by government.
The Chief Executive
Transfer of power from the central government to more local levels
Devolution
Missing any of the characteristics of a liberal democracy, but still have elections for leaders
Illiberal democracy
- Most important decision-making body in parliamentary systems.
- Oversee the bureaucracy.
The Cabinet
Government being open and letting its citizens know about the things they’re doing
Political Transparency
The right to rule
Legitimacy
Interest Groups
Organizations of like-minded people
Branch that makes laws
Legislative Branch
SMDP
Winner-takes-all-system; candidates run for single representative’s seats
Ability of a government to consistently provide services to meet the basic needs of most of the population.
Stablility
One house
Unicameral
Social Movements
Group of people orotesting for one political or social goal
The set of institutions that are created to
- Interpret
- Settle public disputes
- Enforce criminal law
Judiciary
Civil Liberities
Individual’s protection against the abuses of the government
A sudden violent usurpation and replacement of a system of government
Coup (Coup d’état)
Is the lifelong process of how people acquire their ideas, political attitudes and values
Political Socialization
Cleavages
Divisions within a society based on factors such as ethnicity or religion
A government system operating predictably under a known and transparent set of laws, holding elites accountable.
Rule of Law
The process of freeing up, limiting government control and oversight
Liberalization
Political Participation
How citizens can participate in the politics of their states
Collection of beliefs, values, practices, an institution of governments
Political culture
Individualism
Belief in freedom over government restrictions
Literally means Two Chambers or Houses
Defines a system of Legislature
Bicameral
Citizens, participants, voters, engage in social and political interaction, free of state or governmental control or regulation.
Civil Society
Communism
Near total government control of the economy
Socialism
Reducing income disparities and nationalization of major industries
A national vote by the public on an issue
Referendum
organizations that connect citizens to the government
Linkage institutions
Political Culture
The collection of beliefs and values of a government
Political Ideology
Set of political values held by individuals
Votes on an issue by the people
Referendums
Authoritarian Regimes
Often restrict rights, have its citizens follow military orders, and limit voting
Values of self-expression and quality of life
Post-Materialism
Civil Society
Civil Society is when citizens engage in social and poltiical interaction, free of state or govenrment control or regulation, like interest groups
What is crucial for the growth of civil society?
Access to free, uncensored media.
Need for rapid, dramatic changes
Radicalism
Organizations like-minded people
Interest groups
Any group that connects citizens to the state
Linkage Institutions
Globalization consequences
Reduced soveignty; unfair working conditions, monopolization
Examples of linkage institutions
Media, interest groups, and political parties
Government controls access to policy making by relying on state-sanction (SPA’s) to represent labor, business, and agriculture
Corporatism
Pros of Globalization
Reduced prices, access to more trade, spread of technology, etc
Why would a regime implement ISI
To increase the sales of domestics goods and boost industrialization
Collection of beliefs, values, practices, and institutions of government
Political Culture
Freedom House
Measures how free a country is
Democratiziation Features
Rule of law, freedom of expression, free elections, etc.
Lifelong process of how people gather their ideas, values, and political attitudes.
Political Socialization
The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
Demography
Why Devolve Power
To better adjust to more local needs of ethnicity, economy, and territory
Independent freedom not restricted by the government.
Individualism
Right to own property, most industry is privately owned, government does not control competition and profit
Market economy
Monopoliziation
When one single entity has absolute dominance over a sector of the market
Limited government influence in the economy.
Neoliberalism
Near total government control over the economy.
Communism
How would a regime increase transparency
By fostering citizen engagement; send data of governmental actions to its citizens, and holding public meetings
Reducing income differences and nationalization of major industries
Socialism
Well established, high economic development, industrialized
“Advanced” Democracies (1st world)
Favors author rule with one ethnicity over others.
Fascism
Common people’s rights over the elites
Populism
How can citizens participate in the state?
- Interest groups
- Political Parties
- Voting/Referendums
- Protests and Social Movements
Benefits of Unitary Systems
Often quicker to address national issues during crisises; policies are more uniform
Decentralization
When a centralized government devolves power
Obeying laws, following military orders, paying taxes, and voting (limited choices).
Participation in Authoritarian governments.
APCOPO acronym
Advanced Placement Comparative Government and Politics
Protection of groups from discrimination by the government or other individuals.
Ex. Right to vote
Civil Rights
Which APCOPO countries uses a presidential system
Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, and China
Individuals’ protection against the abuse of the government.
Ex. Freedom of speech
Civil Liberties
- Class
- Ethnicity
- Religious
- Geography/Territories
Examples of cleavages
Term limits
Determines how long somebody can run for, like a president
Market economy
An open economy to trade; off of government control
Command economies
Government controls access to the economy; less free
- Groups who agree with one another.
- More likely to be explosive.
Reinforcing Cleavages
Newly industrialized economy, typically depend on more developed countries for economic assistance.
Less developed/ developing (3rd world)
MNCs
Multinational corporations – any corporation that is registered in more than one country
- May agree on one thing while disagreeing on another.
- Conflicts tend to stay more moderate.
Cross-cutting Cleavages
GDP
Measures economic output of a country relative to its population
Single Member District Plurality and Proportional Representation.
2 main electoral systems.
GNP
Gross National Product – total value of all goods and services produced by a country
