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Earth Science 2023-24 > unit: Weathering, Erosion, and Soil > Flashcards

unit: Weathering, Erosion, and Soil Flashcards

1
Q

what is weathering

A

the breaking down of rock due to exposure to processes that occur on earths surface

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2
Q

what are 2 types of weathering

A

mechanical, chemical

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3
Q

what is mechanical weathering?

A

weathering taking place without changing its chemical composition

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4
Q

what is upward expansion/ exfoliation

A

rocks are formed deep underground

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5
Q

What is abrasion

A

when rocks grind and scrape against one another, these rock materials are worn away

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6
Q

what is frost wedging

A

water between rocks, freezes > cracks rock

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7
Q

What is Biological weathering (animal )

A

ants, earthworms, rabbits, woodchucks….dig holes in soil > allows air/water to weather it

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8
Q

what is biological weathering( plants)

A

when lichens, mosses and small plants grow on rucks, they wedge their rootsinto pores and crevices in rock > causes it to crack

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9
Q

what is chemical weathering?

A

when chemical reactions alter/change the minerals in a rock into different substances

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10
Q

what are 2 examples of chemical weathering

A

hydrolysis, oxidation

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11
Q

what is oxidation

A

chemical reaction of oxygen with other substances

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12
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

chemical weathering by reaction of water

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13
Q

what is a common acid in water?

A

carbonic acid

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14
Q

What is erosion?

A

is the removal and transport of materials by natural agents

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15
Q

What the 4 agents of erosion?

A

rivers/streams, glaciers, wind, wave action

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16
Q

what is deposition

A

when sediment carried by erosion is stopped and is settled

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17
Q

What is rivers/ streams erosion

A

where water is moving fast( picks up soil) when water slows down near ocean > sediment is deposited

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18
Q

what is wave action erosion

A

due to constant movement of water (tides) currents, waves > make cliffs and dunes

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19
Q

what is glacier erosion

A

big sheets of ice > moves collects trees and objects

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20
Q

what is wind erosion

A

when wind picks up loose particles

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21
Q

what is mass movement

A

downward transportation of weathered materials by gravity

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22
Q

what are factors that influence mass movements?

A

weight,resistance,trigger,water

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23
Q

what is a creep

A

very slow, slow, steady downhill flow of loose materials

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24
Q

what are 2 types of flows

A

mudflows, earthflows

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25
Q

what are mudflows

A

move quickly, soils mixed with water moves downhill

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26
Q

what are earthflows

A

move slowly entire areas of land move down hill, when oversaturated

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27
Q

what are slides

A

rapid downslope of movement of earth materials

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28
Q

what are mudslides

A

when a sheet of rock moves downhill on a sliding surface

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29
Q

slump

A

mass of material in a landslide slowly moving along a curved surface

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30
Q

what are avalanches?

A

landslides that occur i mountainous areas

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31
Q

what are rockfalls

A

rocks are loosened through physical weathering

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32
Q

what is talus pile

A

refers to rock fragments that have been weathered from a cliff and pulled down by gravity

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33
Q

what are the 4 types of water erosion

A

inter-rill, rill, gully, streambank

34
Q

what is inter-rill erosion?

A

raindrop erosion

35
Q

how is inter-rill erosion accelerated

A

topography, gradient, climate, vegetative cover

36
Q

what is rill erosion

A

results from concentrated flow of water in small streams

37
Q

what is gully erosion

A

detachment and transportation of soil by larger streams of water

38
Q

what is streambank erosion

A

fast-running streams and rivers cut into the banks

39
Q

what are the 3 types of wind erosion

A

suspension, saltation, surface creep

40
Q

what is suspension

A

small particles are airborne for long distances

41
Q

what is saltation

A

bouncing motion of larger particles across the ground

42
Q

what is surface creep

A

particles move in a rolling motion

43
Q

what is deflation

A

lowering of land surface that results from the winds removal of surface particles ( dust bowl)

44
Q

what is a ventifact

A

rocks shaped by wind blown sediments

45
Q

what are the 2 types of wind deposition?

A

dunes- accumulation of windblown particles into a mound
loess- thick windblown silt deposits

46
Q

what are glaciers

A

slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumalation and compaction of snow on mountains or poles

47
Q

what are 2 types of glaciers

A

valley- glaciers form u shaped valleys
continental- when glaciers cover large amounts of land( greenland)

48
Q

what is glacier plucking

A

weight and moving force of the ice will break the bedrock and incorporate the fragments of glaciers

49
Q

what are striations

A

scratches or gouges into bedrock as the glacier moves

50
Q

what are cirques

A

bowl-shaped amphitheater-like depressions the glaciers carve into mountains

51
Q

what is arete

A

a thin crest of rock left after two adjacent glaciers have worn away a steep ridge

52
Q

what is a glacier horn

A

results when glaciers erode three or more aretes

53
Q

what is glacier till

A

accumalations of unsorted unstratified mixtures

54
Q

what is moraine

A

mass of rocks and sediment carried down deposited by a glacier

55
Q

what is sandur

A

plain formed of glacier fluvial deposits due to mud water outwash at end of glacier

56
Q

what is drumlin

A

elongated, teardrop-shaped hills of rocks, sand, gravel that formed under glacier

57
Q

what are eskers

A

ridges made of sands and gravels, deposited by glacial meltwater flowing through tunnels within glaciers

58
Q

what are kames

A

mound-like hill of poorly sorted drift, mostly sand and gravel, deposited near of or at end of glacier

60
Q

what are the two types of weathering that can make soil

A

chemical, physical

61
Q

what are the 6 horizons of soil in order

A

O,A,E,B,C,R

62
Q

what is O horizon

A

humus- organic material

63
Q

what is A horizon

A

is topsoil

64
Q

what is E horizon

A

eluviated soil

65
Q

what is B horizon

66
Q

what is c horizon

A

parent rock

67
Q

what is r horizon

68
Q

what are the soil particles form large to small

A
  1. sand
    2.silt
    3.clay
69
Q

how can humans disturb topsoil

A

1 salinization- irrigating
2 farming
3 soil compaction from tractors

70
Q

what are the 7 methods farms conserve soil

A

crop rotation, conservation tillage, contour plowing, conservation buffers, wind breaks, terracing, wetlands

71
Q

what is conservation tillage

A

farmers plant only what is needed

72
Q

what is crop rotation

A

farmers plant crops in different fields each year- conserves the soil

73
Q

what is conservation plowing

A

when you plow in curves

74
Q

what are conservation buffers

A

traps nutrients

75
Q

what are wind breaks

A

these like fences to protect the area from wind erosion

76
Q

what is terracing?

A

slows and reduces the energy of runoff

77
Q

what are wetlands

A

leave and not cut down areas

78
Q

what is residual soil

79
Q

transported soil

80
Q

what is a soil profile

A

a vertical cross-section of a soil

Earth Science 2023-24 (8 decks)

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