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Psychology 1010 > Unit Two Test > Flashcards

Unit Two Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

includes brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

nerves that connect sense organ to CNS and CNS to muscle and glands. Includes movement

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

neurons that control involuntary muscles like heart, intestines ect. Important for homeostasis

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5
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

a network of nerves that prepare the body for vigorous activity-‘fight or fight’. Increase respiration and heart rate, decrease digestion

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6
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

network of nerves that facilitate non-emergency responses, ex. increase digestion, decrease heart rate, decrease respiration-rest and digest

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7
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

neurons in the premotor cortex fire when performing an action as well as seeing someone else perform the action (they do not respond well to video or picture of movement)

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8
Q

What are the brain areas?

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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9
Q

Pons

A

located in the hindbrain, bulge in brainstem relays information from cerebrum, plus has nuclei that deals with sleep, arousal and facial expression

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10
Q

Medulla

A

located in the hindbrain, an enlarged extension of the spinal cord. Involved in blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and salivating (contains part of the reticular formation)

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

large hindbrain structure that is involved with control of movement accuracy and timing. More nerve cells are here than the rest of the brain combined

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12
Q

Tegmentum

A

many areas involved in reflexes

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13
Q

Reticular Formation

A

located in midbrain-large structure with many nuclei that occupies the core of the brain stem, involved w/sleep, arousal, attention, muscle tone, movement and other reflexes

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14
Q

Periaqueductal Gray Matter

A

involved with species-typical behaviors like fighting or mating, also with pain sensitivity

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15
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

located in the forebrain-convoluted outer layer the cerebrum, and subcortical structures

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16
Q

What does the cerebral cortex consist of?

A 
Thalamus 
Basal Ganglia 
Hypothalamus 
Hippocampus 
Cingulate Cortex
Amygdala 
Nucleus accumbens
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17
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station of the brain, all sense (except olfaction) pass through thalamus before continuing on to the cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

group of structures involved in cognition and voluntary movement

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19
Q

Huntington’s Chorea and Tourette’s Syndrome

A

characterized by involuntary twitches or ties

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20
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease

A

is caused by degeneration in structure of the basal ganglia

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21
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

cortex that is found in the longitudinal fissure (splits brain in half from front to back)

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22
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

is involved with formation of long term memories coordination of sensation with emotion, emotional response to pain, aggression, shifting attention from one task to another, motivation, detecting errors

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23
Q

Akinetic Mutism

A

individuals with lesions in the cingulate cortex are awake and vigilant, but do not speak or move (aka vigilant coma) those that recover claim they heard requests

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24
Q

Cerebrum

A

the large area that we generally think of as the “the brain”

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25
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

outer covering of the cerebrum

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26
Q

What are the brains four lobes?

A

Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
Parietal

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27
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

contains primary motor cortex (initiation of movement) and prefrontal cortex

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28
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

contains primary visual area, damage to part of the occipital lobe leads to blindness in related visual field (on opposite side)

29
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

involved with processing auditory information, and also more visual aspects such as recognition of faces

30
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

contains primary somatosensory cortex which relays information about touch, and body positions

31
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects the 2 hemisphere of the brain and allows them to communicate, leads to a unified experience (perceptions, memory)

32
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

Part of prefrontal cortex involved with decision making, emotion and reward

33
Q

Broca’s

A

area in the frontal lobe involved with speech

34
Q

Sensation

A

when a sensory system detects a stimulus, light strikes the retina sound vibrates the inner ear

35
Q

Perception

A

when the brain process and interprets a sensation

36
Q

Transduction

A

the process of translating a stimulus into a neural signal

37
Q

Selective Attention

A

focusing on some information while excluding other infor

38
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

reduction in response to a repeated stimulus

39
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

use of incoming signals to construct perceptions

40
Q

Top-down Processing

A

use of prior knowledge to perceive information

41
Q

Cornea

A

clear outer covering at the front of the eye

42
Q

Iris

A

muscle controlling the amount of light entering the eye, what gives our color

43
Q

Pupil

A

opening in the iris through which light passes

44
Q

Lens

A

structure behind the pupil that can change shape

45
Q

Retina

A

light sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye

46
Q

Cones

A

receptors in the retina that specialize in color and detail

47
Q

Rods

A

receptors in the retina that specialize in light

48
Q

Fovea

A

area in the center of the retina used for sharp, central vision

49
Q

Optic Disk

A

where all backward facing light sensing cells bundle together and exit the eye at one central point. Leads to a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the back of the retina

50
Q

Figure and Ground

A

we tend to identify main objects and background

51
Q

Proximity

A

things that are close together are grouped together

52
Q

Continuity

A

points that form a smooth line probably belong to the same object

53
Q

closure

A

people see an unbroken image even when there are gaps

54
Q

Simplicity

A

we usually assume the simplest solution

55
Q

Pareidolia

A

when a vague stimulus is perceived as being important or relevant even when it’s not

56
Q

Myopia

A

can see things close but not far away (nearsightedness) due to a horizontally elongated eye

57
Q

Hyperopia

A

Can see things far away, but not up close (farsightedness) due to a vertically elongated eye

58
Q

Ultrasound

A

sounds above the frequency of human hearing

59
Q

Infrasound

A

sounds below the frequency of human hearing

60
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

direct perception of pain

61
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

immediate emotional reaction to pain

62
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

long-term emotional component of pain

63
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

takes information from the nose directly to the olfactory bulb and amygdala in the brain

64
Q

Papillae

A

bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds

65
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

symptoms of depression associated with shorted days of winter

66
Q

Melatonin

A

hormone secreted by the pineal gland at night which has regulated the sleep/wake cycle

67
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement when sleeping

68
Q

N-REM

A

non rapid eye movement when sleeping

Psychology 1010 (4 decks)

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