Unit Three Test Flashcards
Motivation
a process that guides behavior toward a goal, and despites once the goal is reached
Intrinsic Rewards
rewards that are inherent in an activity ex) pride in a job well done, fun of a sport
Extrinsic Rewards
rewards that are external to a task ex) money,praise
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
the brake pedal. If it is electrically stimulated, eating and drinking are suppressed. If it is destroyed, rats overeat
Lateral Hypothalamus
the gas pedal. If it is electrically stimulated rates will overeat and become grossly overweight. If it is destroyed, rat eat and drink very little
Glucose
simple sugar that enters the blood during digestion
Insulin
hormone secreted by pancreas that assists with transfer of glucose from the blood into cells
Leptin
a hormone secreted from well-nourished fat cells that increases metabolism and decreases eating
Gherlin
a hormone released by the gastontesinal system when the stomach is empty
Oreins
hormone also involved with sleep that leads to increased appetite
Satiety
feeling full. We feel full long before nutrients their destination
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
hormone released by the digestive system due to food ingestion
Bisphenol A (BPA)
a compound used to make plastics and epoxy resin
Anorexia Nervosa
eating disorder characterized by binge eating then purging by vomiting or use of laxatives
Oxytocin
hormone that facilitates bonding (expressed more by females)
Vasopressin
hormone that facilitates bonding primarily in males. Released during orgasm
Sexual Orientation
stable pattern of attraction to a particular sex (behavior not implied)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
results in excessive release of male hormones before birth
Emotion
automatic responses to situations
Right Hemisphere
process negative emotion, and processes emotion faster and more accurately than the left
Left Hemisphere
processes positive emotions
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive and understand emotions in others
James-Lange Theory
states that a stimulus leads to a physiological response. We then interpret the physiological response as an emotion
Catharsis
the idea that expressing an emotion can help ‘let out’ that emotion thus reducing it
Cannon-Board Theory of Emotion
Physical sensations and subjects feelings occur simultaneously and independently
Instincts
stereotyped behaviors that occur in all members of a species without practice
Fixed Action Patterns
sequence of instinctive behaviors that once started continues to completion
Hibiuatiation
decreased responding to a stimulus presented repeatedly
Sensitization
increased responding to a stimulus, that can also generalize to other stimuli
Classical Conditioning (aka favlovian conditioning)
learning process that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a biologically relevant stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
elitis on unconditioned response without prior training. automatic, reflexive response to biologically important things
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
elicited by unconditional stimulus. Does not require learning and is usually important to survival/reproduction
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a previously, neutral stimulus that comes to evoke a response after it becomes associated with the U.S. (learning required)
Conditioned Response
elicited by conditioned stimulus after a number of pairings of CS and US. Requires learning
Acquisition
the process of obtaining a conditioned (flavolian) response through repeated pairings of a CS with a US
Contiquity
how close in time or space two events happen
Systematic desensitization
a treatment for feared stimuli, where the stimulus is imagined or encountered while performing relaxation exercise
Operant Conditioning
the strength of a behavior increases or decreases depending on its consequences
Positive Reinforcement
something is added, and behavior is strengthened
Negative Reinforcement
something is removed, and behavior is strengthened
Postitive Punishment
something is added, and behavior is weakened
Negative Punishment
something is removed and behavior is weakened
Primary Reinforces or Punishes
things that an individual naturally likes or dislikes, without learning
Secondary Reinforcers or Punishes
things we come to like or dislike because they’ve become associated with primary reinforces or punishes
Premack Principle
individuals naturally prefer certain activities/things over others
Interval Schedule
a behavior is reinforced every time is occurs
Partial Reinforcement
reinforcement happens sometimes this behavior occurs, but not all times
Ratio Schedules
reinforcement occurs every ‘X’ time on average the behavior occurs
Fixed Interval Schedules (FR)
reinforcement occurs every ‘X’ time the behavior occurs on average
Chaining
putting together groups of already-shaped behaviors can lead to long sequences of behavior
Latent
learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcent
Instinctive Drift
when an organism reverts to ‘inactive behaviors’ over learned behaviors
Observational Learning
learning by watching others
