Unit Four Test Flashcards
Memory
the ability to retain knowledge
Information Processing
continuum forms attention through problems solving that includes memory
Encoding
the process of taking information and putting it into memory
Storage
taking information from memory and storing it
Retrieval
recovering stored information
Sensory Memory
all sensory information is held for a very brief time
Short-term memory
a small fraction of sensory memory moves to short-term memory
Chunking
putting information into meaningful chunks improves short term memory
Working Memory
Similar to short term memory except multiple types of information (only a single type for short-term) can be actively manipulated (passive for short-term)
Phonological Loop
rehersal of auditory information
Visuospatial Sketchpad
remembering and manipulating things we see
Episodic buffer
links different information together and combines it with information from long term memory
Central Executive
directs appropriate amount of attention to each component
Long-term memory
location of permanent memories, large capacity and long duration
Level of Processing Theory
deeper levels of processing to a greater likelihood that something will be retained in long-term memory
Serial Position Effect
when people are asked to recall a list of words, (rehersal moved to long-term memory)
Regency Effect
words learned last are more likely to be remembered (still in working memory)
Primacy Effect
words learned first are more likely to be remembered (rehersal moved to long-term memory)
Declarative Memory
knowing “that” memories about the world
Nondeclarative Memory
memories that are difficult to verbalize
Semantic Memories
memories of facts, ideas, concepts, general knowledge
Episodic Memories
memories of personally experienced events
Autobiographical memories
either semantic or episodic memories about oneself
Classical Conditioning
we often have conditioned emotional responses to things we are not aware of
Procedural Memories
how to do things, usually difficult to describe How would you explain to someone how to ride a bike?
Priming
exposure to on stimulus changes a response to a later stimulus
Spreading Activation Model
people organize their memories based on how related things are in their own personal experience, lots of individual differences
Schema
our set of expectations about situations or things
Cue
stimulus that aids in retrieval of information
Encoding Specificity
when memories are encoded, lots of specific information is included, some of this information can be used as cues
Tip of the Tongue (TOT)
incomplete memory retrieval where part of a memory is recalled, Related to spreading activation
Flashbulb Memory
Vivid and detailed memory associated with a highly emotional event
Forgetting
decrease in the ability to retrieve a previously formed memory
Interference
newer and older information in memory might complete, potentially distorting memories
Proactive Interference
reduced memory for information because of prior memories
Retroactive Interference
reduced memory for information because of information learned afterward
Motivated Forgetting
failure to remember threatening or negative things
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
neurons that are regularly activated together become more efficient at communicating
Distributed Practice
practice or learning distributed more or less evenly over-time
Massed Practice
practice or learning crammed into a short amount of time
Mnemonics
devices that link new information to something simpler or already well-known
Developmental Psychology
the science of how and why people change overtime, from conception to death
Continuity
the idea that development is a gradual process, with one stage gradually leading to another
Discontinuity
the idea that development has stages that are clearly demarcated from one another
Universal Development
some facts of development seem to be constant across cultures
Ecological Development
environments can affects developmental process
Zygote
the cell that results from sperm combining with egg (gametes) first two weeks after conception
Implantation
Zygote attaches to uterine wall 6-12 days after fertilization
Embryo
3rd through 8th week Rudimentary forms of body structural develop
Fetus
9th week until birth (38 weeks) most brain cells are present by 7 months
Primitive Streak
line that appears down the middle of the embryo (also for birds and reptiles) eventually becoming the neural tube (22 days) then the CNS (brain and spinal column)
Monsomy
and individual has only one copy of a particular chromosome
Trisomy
an individual has three copies of chromsome
Teratogen
substance or condition that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities includes, drugs, pollutants, radiation, diseases, malnutrition, extreme stress
Behavioral Teratogen
teratogen that doesn’t cause overt physical defects, but harms the brain leading to hyperactivity antisocial behavior or learning disabilities
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
associated with consumption or large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy
Thalidomide
substance once used to treat morning sickness
Piaget’s Four States in his Cognitive Development Theory are?
- sensorimotor
- properational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
Sensorimotor
birth to 2years, Infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world. At some point during this stage, infants realize that an object doesn’t disappear when removed from view (object permanence)
Conseration
The idea that the amount of something (number volume) stays constant even if it undergoes a change in apperance
Theory of Mind
the idea that other people might have different thoughts or beliefs
False-believe task
a child has knowledge of something that another observer does not. The child is then asked about the situation from the observer’s perspective
Accommodation
old ideas (or schemes) are restructured to include new experiences
Disequilibrium
when schemes are wrong much of the time, entirely new ways of thinking must be adopted, For Piaget, this is when children move on to a more advanced stage
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
vygotsky’s term for skills a person is not quite able to do on his or her own, but can with assistance
Scaffolding
support provided to children while they learn new skills
Temperament
inborn predisposition
Attachment
emotional bond between infant and caregiver (associated with John Bouloy)
Secure Attachment
most common (50-70%) baby express freely when Mom is in the room
Insecure/avoidant attachment
child appears dazed, apprehensive, and confused
Authoritarian
blind obedience to parent with high expectations and stern (often physical punishment)
Permissive
(indulgent) emotional warmth with few rules and little discipline
Authoritative
has limits and rules but children are listening to and forgiven
Uninvolved
parents are not aware (or appear not to care) what children are along
Personality
characteristics ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling
The “Big Five” personality characteristics
- openness to experience
- conscientiousness
- extroversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
Openness
people who score high on openness tend to be curious, inventive and open to try new things/low score are reluctant to change
Conscientiousness
people who score high are reliable, orderly, disciplined and hardworking low score are reluctant to change
Extroversion
(surgency) tend to seek out other people, assertive, excitement have personal warmth
Introversion
reserved, happy spending time alone, passive cautious
Agreeableness
people scoring high tend to be trustworthy, compassionate/low score tend to be untrustworthy, uncooperative and detached
Neuroticism
people scoring high tend to be anxious, hostile, depressed, self-conscious/low score are relaxed secure, and confident
Temperament
patterns of mood, activity and emotional responsive
Social Norms
rules for conduct in social situations, can vary by culture or group
Conformity
matching behaviors to the social Norms of a group
Stanford Prison Experiment
undergraduate men were assinged as guards or prisnors
Compliance
obeying the request of another person when they don’t have any direct authority over you, commonly used in sales technique
Door-in-the-face technique
greater compliance for small requests when it’s preceded by large request
Foot-in-the door technique
once a person has agreed to a small request it is easier to get them to agree to a larger request
Obedience
obeying the request of a person who has authority (police officer)
Tit for Tat
in social situations, cooperate on the first move then mirror the last move of your opponents
Altruism
an act that leads to gains to a recipient and no gain or harm to an actor
Reciprocal Altruism
individuals who trade favors will be better off than those who don’t cooperate with anyone
Aggression
deliberate attempt to harm others
