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Biology 157 > Unit Two Study Guide > Flashcards

Unit Two Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

energy capturing portion of photosynthesis that takes place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cannot proceed without solar energy, it produces ATP and NADPH

A

Light dependent

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2
Q

green pigment that absorbs solar energy and is important in photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

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3
Q

membrane bounded organelle with chlorophyll containing membranous thylakoids: where photosynthesis takes place

A

Chloroplast

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4
Q

synthesis portion of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and does not directly require solar energy: it uses the products of the light dependent reactions to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

A

Light independent

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5
Q

process usually occurring with chloroplasts whereby chlorophyll traps solar energy and carbon dioxide id reduced to a carbohydrate

A

photosynthesis

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6
Q

autotroph VS heterotrophs

A

autotrophs make their own food EX: algae and plants

heterotrophs depend on other organisms to produce food EX: humans and animals

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7
Q

what is light independent reaction often called?

A

Calvin cycle

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8
Q

what are the reactants and products of light reaction? where in the chloroplast do they occur?

A

reactants: light, water
products: o2, ATP, NADPH
location: thylakoid membrane

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9
Q

what are the reactants and products of dark reaction? (light independent)? where in the chloroplast do they occur?

A

reactants: CO2, ATP, NADPH
products: G3P
location: Stroma of chloroplast

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10
Q

Phase 1 of cellular respiration

A

location: cytoplasm
reactants: glucose
products: 2 pyruvate
ATP produced: 2

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11
Q

Phase 2 of cellular respiration

A

location: mitochondria
reactants: pyruvate
products: acetyl coA, co2, NADH
ATP produced:0

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12
Q

Phase 3 of cellular respiration

A

location: mitochondria
reactants:acetyl coA
products: co2, FADH, NADH
ATP produced:2

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13
Q

Phase 4 of cellular respiration

A

location: inner membrane of mitochondria
reactants: FADH2, NADH, Oxygen
products: h2o
ATP produced: 32

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14
Q

what steps does aerobic respiration consist of?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. transition reaction
  3. krebs cycle
  4. electron transport chain
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15
Q

what does aerobic mean?

A

without oxygen

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16
Q

what is the final molecule acceptor?

A

oxygen

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17
Q

what steps does anaerobic respiration consist of?

A
  1. glycolysis

2. fermentation

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18
Q

out of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which process makes the most ATP for the cell?

A

aerobic produces 36 ATP

anaerobic produces 2 ATP

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19
Q

If a solution has a pH of 3.2, is it an acid or a base?

A

ACID

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20
Q

What about a solution with a pH of 7.9? is it an acid or base?

A

Base

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21
Q

How many valence electrons would an atom of nitrogen need to be stable? (atomic #7)

A

2 are in the first electron shell and 5 are in the outer shell, so it needs 3 more to be stable

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22
Q

If an atom contains 9 electrons, 9 protons, and 10 neutrons, what is the atomic number?

What is the atomic mass?

A

Atomic number is 9 (# of protons)

Atomic mass is 19 (protons + neutrons)

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23
Q

What is the main difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

A

Covalent bonds fill each atom’s outer shell
by sharing electrons. Ionic bonds are created
when one atom donates it’s electrons,
gaining a positive charge, and another accepts those electrons, gaining a negative charge. The opposite charges attract one another.

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24
Q

How many more ions does a solution with a pH of 10 have than a solution with a pH of 8? Are the H+ ions or OH- ions?

A

The solution with a pH of 10 has 100 times more OH- ions than the pH of 8.

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25
Q

What are the three categories of lipid?

A

Triglycerides (fats and oils), steroids and phosphlipids

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26
Q

What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?

A

1) The sugar (DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose)
2) RNA uses the base uracil while DNA uses thymine
3) DNA is doubles stranded while RNA is single stranded

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27
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?

A

A saturated fat has no double bonds between the carbons, making the molecule straight and able to pack tightly together to form solid fats. Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between the carbons,
bending the molecule so it can’t pack tightly
and form liquid fats.

28
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein? What is the secondary structure?

A 
Primary= sequence of amino acids
Secondary= the bending or coiling of the primary structure into a pleated sheet or a helix
29
Q 
What are the monomers to the following polymers:
Carbohydrates? 
Proteins? 
Nucleic acids? 
Lipids?
A

Carbohydrates=monosaccharides Proteins= amino acids
Nucleid acids= nucleotides
Lipids: glycerol and fatty acids

30
Q

What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state?

A

The amount of energy in the universe is constant; it cannot be created or destroyed.

31
Q

What does it mean for a molecule to be oxidized? To be reduced?

A

Oxidized= to lose electrons (or hydrogens)

Reduced= to gain electrons (or hydrogens)

32
Q

When ATP is used and then converted into ADP, what part of the molecule breaks free and is this reaction exergonic or endergonic?

A

The 3rd phosphate group breaks off and it releases energy, making it exergonic.

33
Q

What happens to an enzyme when it gets
too far outside it’s optimal temperature or
pH? What is the term for this?

A

It becomes denatured. It looses it’s 3D

structure and therefore its function.

34
Q

What is the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

BACK TO GAME
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
$500 Answer
Both stop an enzyme from binding with the substrate. A competitive physically blocks the active site and the noncompetitive binds elsewhere on the enzyme and changes the shape of the active site.

35
Q

The Calvin cycle constructs ________, an energy-rich molecule that a plant cell can then use to make glucose or other organic molecules

A

G3P, a 3-carbon sugar

36
Q

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?

A

light from the sun

37
Q

Where does the oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from?

A

from splitting a molecule of water

38
Q

What happens to the energy supplied during the light reactions from passing electrons along the electron transport chain? (What is this energy used for?)

A

It’s used in Chemiosmosis to spin ATP

synthase and produce ATP molecules from ADP.

39
Q

What do the light-gathering pigments in each photosystem do?

A

They capture energy from the sun and excite electrons, which enter electron transport chains.

40
Q

Which molecules are produced in glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

41
Q

What must pyruvate be converted to before it
can enter the Kreb’s cycle and where does
this take place?

A

Acetyl Co-A, in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

42
Q

Which step of aerobic respiration produces CO2, 2 ATP, NADH and FADH2? What happens to the two electron carrier molecules?

A

The Kreb’s Cycle, and the carrier molecules

are transported to the electron transport chain to be used for their electrons

43
Q

At the end of the ETC in aerobic respiration, ____________ is the final electron acceptor, forming a molecule of _________.

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming a molecule of water.

44
Q

In the chemical equation for cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?

A

Glucose is oxidized to CO2 and oxygen is reduced to H2O.

45
Q

In which stage of aerobic respiration are the most molecules of ATP produced?

A

The electron transport chain (32 ATP molecules)

46
Q

What is produced in alcohol fermentation that aids in bread making, beer and wine making?

A

Alcohol and CO2

47
Q

Which type of respiration (aerobic, lactic acid or alcohol fermentation) makes the most molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose?

A

Aerobic makes 36

both types of fermentation make 2 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

48
Q

What step do both aerobic and anaerobic respiration have in common? How many ATP are formed in this step?

A

They both start with glycolysis, which produces 2 ATP

49
Q

How many molecules of ATP would be produced from 2 molecules of glucose at the end of aerobic respiration? At the end of fermentation?

A

Aerobic respiration would produce 72 molecules of ATP (2 x 36) and fermentation would produce 4 molecules of ATP (2 x 2)

50
Q

Longer wavelengths are associated with
lower energy
higher energy

A

lower energy

51
Q 
The wavelengths of light used in photosynthesis are
  1 to 10 cm (microwave) 
  10 to 370 nm (uv) 
  2500 to 750 nm (infrared) 
  380 to 750 nm (visible)
A

380 to 750 nm (visible)

52
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_membrane is inside the chloroplast.
  cristae 
  stroma 
  thylakoid 
  intercompartment
A

thylakoid

53
Q

Oxidation is defined as the
loss of electrons
gain of electrons

A

loss of electrons

54
Q 
In general, enzymes work by lowering a reaction’s
  thermal energy 
  kinetic energy 
  activation energy 
  potential energy
A

activation energy

55
Q

The energy of work or movement is
recyclable energy
kinetic energy
potential energy

A

kinetic energy

56
Q

A major difference between carbohydrates and lipids is that carbohydrates

have a ratio of H:O of about 2:1; in lipids this ratio is much higher
are held together by disulfide bonds, and lipids are not
are generally linear while lipids generally form ring structures
contain phosphorus and lipids do not

A

have a ratio of H:O of about 2:1; in lipids this ratio is much higher

57
Q

Disulfide (sulfur to sulfur) bonds help maintain a protein’s
3-D structure
linear structure
planar structure

A

3-D structure

58
Q 
Lipids include
  cellulose and chitin 
  enzymes 
  DNA, RNA, and ATP 
  fats, oils, and steroids
A

fats, oils, and steroids

59
Q 
A characteristic shared by many organic molecules is
  one or more hydroxyl groups 
  one or more oxygen atoms 
  a carbon backbone 
  several nitrogen atoms
A

a carbon backbone

60
Q 
Carbohydrates include
  DNA, RNA, and ATP 
  fats, oils, and steroids 
  enzymes 
  cellulose and chitin
A

cellulose and chitin

61
Q 
Subatomic particles that have a charge include
  electrons only 
  protons and electrons 
  neutrons only 
  neutrons and protons 
  protons only
A

protons and electrons

62
Q

If an atom has more protons than electrons, it has a
neutral charge
positive charge
negative charge

A

positive charge

63
Q

The normal pH range of most fluids in the human body is

  1. 4 to 10.0
  2. 0 to 8.3
  3. 9 to 6.7
  4. 3 to 7.5
A

7.3 to 7.5

64
Q 
All atoms of an element have the same number of
  neutrons 
  protons 
  electrons 
  protons and neutrons
A

protons

65
Q

Water’s temperature stabilizing effects and cohesiveness are because of its
polarity
hydrogen bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

Biology 157 (9 decks)

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