Unit Two Study Guide Flashcards by Yvonne lambert

energy capturing portion of photosynthesis that takes place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cannot proceed without solar energy, it produces ATP and NADPH

Light dependent

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green pigment that absorbs solar energy and is important in photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

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membrane bounded organelle with chlorophyll containing membranous thylakoids: where photosynthesis takes place

Chloroplast

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synthesis portion of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and does not directly require solar energy: it uses the products of the light dependent reactions to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

Light independent

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process usually occurring with chloroplasts whereby chlorophyll traps solar energy and carbon dioxide id reduced to a carbohydrate

photosynthesis

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autotroph VS heterotrophs

autotrophs make their own food EX: algae and plants

heterotrophs depend on other organisms to produce food EX: humans and animals

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what is light independent reaction often called?

Calvin cycle

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what are the reactants and products of light reaction? where in the chloroplast do they occur?

reactants: light, water
products: o2, ATP, NADPH
location: thylakoid membrane

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what are the reactants and products of dark reaction? (light independent)? where in the chloroplast do they occur?

reactants: CO2, ATP, NADPH
products: G3P
location: Stroma of chloroplast

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Phase 1 of cellular respiration

location: cytoplasm
reactants: glucose
products: 2 pyruvate
ATP produced: 2

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Phase 2 of cellular respiration

location: mitochondria
reactants: pyruvate
products: acetyl coA, co2, NADH
ATP produced:0

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Phase 3 of cellular respiration

location: mitochondria
reactants:acetyl coA
products: co2, FADH, NADH
ATP produced:2

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Phase 4 of cellular respiration

location: inner membrane of mitochondria
reactants: FADH2, NADH, Oxygen
products: h2o
ATP produced: 32

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what steps does aerobic respiration consist of?

glycolysis
transition reaction
krebs cycle
electron transport chain

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what does aerobic mean?

without oxygen

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what is the final molecule acceptor?

oxygen

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what steps does anaerobic respiration consist of?

glycolysis

2. fermentation

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out of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which process makes the most ATP for the cell?

aerobic produces 36 ATP

anaerobic produces 2 ATP

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If a solution has a pH of 3.2, is it an acid or a base?

ACID

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What about a solution with a pH of 7.9? is it an acid or base?

Base

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How many valence electrons would an atom of nitrogen need to be stable? (atomic #7)

2 are in the first electron shell and 5 are in the outer shell, so it needs 3 more to be stable

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If an atom contains 9 electrons, 9 protons, and 10 neutrons, what is the atomic number?

What is the atomic mass?

Atomic number is 9 (# of protons)

Atomic mass is 19 (protons + neutrons)

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What is the main difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds fill each atom’s outer shell
by sharing electrons. Ionic bonds are created
when one atom donates it’s electrons,
gaining a positive charge, and another accepts those electrons, gaining a negative charge. The opposite charges attract one another.

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How many more ions does a solution with a pH of 10 have than a solution with a pH of 8? Are the H+ ions or OH- ions?

The solution with a pH of 10 has 100 times more OH- ions than the pH of 8.

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What are the three categories of lipid?

Triglycerides (fats and oils), steroids and phosphlipids

What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?

1) The sugar (DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose) 2) RNA uses the base uracil while DNA uses thymine 3) DNA is doubles stranded while RNA is single stranded

What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?

A saturated fat has no double bonds between the carbons, making the molecule straight and able to pack tightly together to form solid fats. Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between the carbons, bending the molecule so it can’t pack tightly and form liquid fats.

What is the primary structure of a protein? What is the secondary structure?

``` Primary= sequence of amino acids Secondary= the bending or coiling of the primary structure into a pleated sheet or a helix ```

``` What are the monomers to the following polymers: Carbohydrates? Proteins? Nucleic acids? Lipids? ```

Carbohydrates=monosaccharides Proteins= amino acids Nucleid acids= nucleotides Lipids: glycerol and fatty acids

What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state?

The amount of energy in the universe is constant; it cannot be created or destroyed.

What does it mean for a molecule to be oxidized? To be reduced?

Oxidized= to lose electrons (or hydrogens) Reduced= to gain electrons (or hydrogens)

When ATP is used and then converted into ADP, what part of the molecule breaks free and is this reaction exergonic or endergonic?

The 3rd phosphate group breaks off and it releases energy, making it exergonic.

What happens to an enzyme when it gets too far outside it’s optimal temperature or pH? What is the term for this?

It becomes denatured. It looses it’s 3D | structure and therefore its function.

What is the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a noncompetitive inhibitor?

BACK TO GAME © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. $500 Answer Both stop an enzyme from binding with the substrate. A competitive physically blocks the active site and the noncompetitive binds elsewhere on the enzyme and changes the shape of the active site.

The Calvin cycle constructs ________, an energy-rich molecule that a plant cell can then use to make glucose or other organic molecules

G3P, a 3-carbon sugar

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?

light from the sun

Where does the oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from?

from splitting a molecule of water

What happens to the energy supplied during the light reactions from passing electrons along the electron transport chain? (What is this energy used for?)

It’s used in Chemiosmosis to spin ATP | synthase and produce ATP molecules from ADP.

What do the light-gathering pigments in each photosystem do?

They capture energy from the sun and excite electrons, which enter electron transport chains.

Which molecules are produced in glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

What must pyruvate be converted to before it can enter the Kreb’s cycle and where does this take place?

Acetyl Co-A, in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Which step of aerobic respiration produces CO2, 2 ATP, NADH and FADH2? What happens to the two electron carrier molecules?

The Kreb’s Cycle, and the carrier molecules | are transported to the electron transport chain to be used for their electrons

At the end of the ETC in aerobic respiration, ____________ is the final electron acceptor, forming a molecule of _________.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming a molecule of water.

In the chemical equation for cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?

Glucose is oxidized to CO2 and oxygen is reduced to H2O.

In which stage of aerobic respiration are the most molecules of ATP produced?

The electron transport chain (32 ATP molecules)

What is produced in alcohol fermentation that aids in bread making, beer and wine making?

Alcohol and CO2

Which type of respiration (aerobic, lactic acid or alcohol fermentation) makes the most molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose?

Aerobic makes 36 both types of fermentation make 2 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

What step do both aerobic and anaerobic respiration have in common? How many ATP are formed in this step?

They both start with glycolysis, which produces 2 ATP

How many molecules of ATP would be produced from 2 molecules of glucose at the end of aerobic respiration? At the end of fermentation?

Aerobic respiration would produce 72 molecules of ATP (2 x 36) and fermentation would produce 4 molecules of ATP (2 x 2)

Longer wavelengths are associated with lower energy higher energy

lower energy

``` The wavelengths of light used in photosynthesis are 1 to 10 cm (microwave) 10 to 370 nm (uv) 2500 to 750 nm (infrared) 380 to 750 nm (visible) ```

380 to 750 nm (visible)

``` The _____________membrane is inside the chloroplast. cristae stroma thylakoid intercompartment ```

thylakoid

Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons gain of electrons

loss of electrons

``` In general, enzymes work by lowering a reaction’s thermal energy kinetic energy activation energy potential energy ```

activation energy

The energy of work or movement is recyclable energy kinetic energy potential energy

kinetic energy

A major difference between carbohydrates and lipids is that carbohydrates have a ratio of H:O of about 2:1; in lipids this ratio is much higher are held together by disulfide bonds, and lipids are not are generally linear while lipids generally form ring structures contain phosphorus and lipids do not

have a ratio of H:O of about 2:1; in lipids this ratio is much higher

Disulfide (sulfur to sulfur) bonds help maintain a protein's 3-D structure linear structure planar structure

3-D structure

``` Lipids include cellulose and chitin enzymes DNA, RNA, and ATP fats, oils, and steroids ```

fats, oils, and steroids

``` A characteristic shared by many organic molecules is one or more hydroxyl groups one or more oxygen atoms a carbon backbone several nitrogen atoms ```

a carbon backbone

``` Carbohydrates include DNA, RNA, and ATP fats, oils, and steroids enzymes cellulose and chitin ```

cellulose and chitin

``` Subatomic particles that have a charge include electrons only protons and electrons neutrons only neutrons and protons protons only ```

protons and electrons

If an atom has more protons than electrons, it has a neutral charge positive charge negative charge

positive charge

The normal pH range of most fluids in the human body is 9. 4 to 10.0 2. 0 to 8.3 5. 9 to 6.7 7. 3 to 7.5

7.3 to 7.5

``` All atoms of an element have the same number of neutrons protons electrons protons and neutrons ```

protons

Water’s temperature stabilizing effects and cohesiveness are because of its polarity hydrogen bonds

hydrogen bonds