CH8

Question 1

Base substitution mutation

Answer 1

CG turns into AT

Question 2

Frame shift mutation

Answer 2

Base pairs are added or removed from the sequence, causing shift in sequence reading

Question 3

Inducible operon

Answer 3

Genes that are in off mode are turned on by inducer

Question 4

Repressible operon

Answer 4

Genes that are in are turned off by corepressor and repressor

Question 5

Transcription

Answer 5

DNA to RNA

Question 6

Translation

Answer 6

RNA to protein

Question 7

mRNA begins T the start codon

Answer 7

Aug

Question 8

Translation ends at nonsense codons

Answer 8

UAA,UAG,UGA

Question 9

Unwinds dna

Answer 9

Helicase

Question 10

Adds nucleotides to a growing chain

Also helps with editing out mistakes, removes mismatched nucleotides and replace them with the proper nucleotide

Answer 10

DNA polymerase

Question 11

Joins small fragments into a continuous chain

Answer 11

DNA ligase

Question 12

Segment of dna where rna polymerase initiates transcription of structural genes

Answer 12

Promoter

Question 13

Segment of dna that controls transcription of structural genes

Answer 13

Operator

Question 14

Set of operator and promoter sites and the structural genes they control

Answer 14

Operon

Question 15

The repressor is active and binds to the operator preventing transcription

Answer 15

Repressor active, operon off

Question 16

In the presence of lactose, inducer allolactose binds to the repressor protein

Inactivated repressor can no longer block transcription

Genes are transcribed, producing enzymes needed for lactose catabolism

Answer 16

Repressor active, operon on

Question 17

Repressor inactive, operon on

Answer 17

In absence of tryptophan the repressor is inactive

Transcription and translation proceed
Leading to synthesis of tryptophan

Question 18

Repressor active operon off

Answer 18

In presence of tryptophan acting as a suppressor, tryptophan binds to the repressor protein. The activated repressor binds with the operator, preventing transcription of the operon

Question 19

If glucose is scarce the high level of camp activates cap and lac operon produces large amounts of mRNA for lactose digestion

Answer 19

Positive regulation

Question 20

If both lactose and glucose is present, camp is scarce and the inactive cap is unable to stimulate transcription of lac operon

Answer 20

Not needed because both are present

Positive regulation

Question 21

Part of an mRNA molecule that binds to a substrate and changes the mRNA structure translation is initated or stopped

Answer 21

Riboswitch

Question 22

Base pair with mRNA to make double stranded

Double stranded rna is ezymatically destroyed preventing production of a protein

Answer 22

MicroRNA
MiRNA

Question 23

Change in an individual base

Based on the effect on protein, there are three types

Answer 23

Base substitutions/ point mutations

Kicking up kids parents rotate

Question 24

Do not affect the protein sequence

Think degeneracy

Answer 24

Silent mutations

Question 25

DNA changes that change the amino acid in a protein, may or may not affect t the function of the protein

Answer 25

Missense mutations

Question 26

Create a stop codon that will shorten the protein likely affecting its function

Answer 26

Nonsense mutations

Question 27

Insertions of 1-2 nucleotides into dna that will affect how the ribosome read codons Shifts the translational reading frame After the point of insertion, the protein sequence is dramatically altered Book pages ripped out and replaced with random pages

Answer 27

Frame shift mutations

Question 28

Selection detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different than unmuted cells

Answer 28

Positive direct

Question 29

Selection detects mutant cells that cannot grow or perform a certain function

Answer 29

Negative indirect

Question 30

Mutant that had a nutritional requirement absent in the parent

Answer 30

Use of replica plating

Question 31

Isolating strain of salmonella bacteria that cannot make the amino acid histidine

Answer 31

Replica plating

Question 32

Exposes mutant bacteria to mutagenic substances to measure the rate of reversal of the mutation Indicates degree to which a substance is mutagenic

Answer 32

Ames test

Question 33

Genetic elements that exist outside chromosomes Called genetic elements because they can move from one chromosome to another or from one cell to another

Answer 33

Plasmid and transposons

Question 34

Transfer of genes from an organism to its offspring

Answer 34

Vertical gene transfer

Question 35

Transformation Conjugation Transduction Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

Answer 35

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 36

Digest food Encode enzymes for the catabolism of unusual compounds help bacteria get energy from metabolism of novel carbon sources. Some strains of pseudomonas can break down petroleum based molecules

Answer 36

Dissimulation plasmids

Question 37

Often code for proteins that enhance the pathogenicity of a bacterium Exfoliative toxin of SA clostridium tetanu neurotoxin and toxins of bacillus anthrax is synthesis of bacteriocins toxin proteins that kill other bacteria

Answer 37

toxins

Question 38

Carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid

Answer 38

Conjugation plasmid

Question 39

Encode antibiotic resistance genes that confer antibiotic resistance

Answer 39

Resistance factors (r factors)

Question 40

Needed for plasmid replication and transfer of the plasmid by conjugation

Answer 40

Rtf

Question 41

Carries genes for resistance to mercury and four different antibiotics Sulfonamide resistance, streptomycin resistance, chloramphenicol resistance, tetracycline resistance

Answer 41

R determinant

Question 42

Segments of dna that can move from one region of dna to another

Answer 42

Transposons

Question 43

Short inverted repeat sequences of dna that the enzyme recognizes as recombination sites between the transposon and the chromosome

Answer 43

Recognition site

Question 44

Carry other genes Genes for enterotoxin or for antibiotic resistance Plasmids frequently made up of a collection of transposon

Answer 44

Complex transposons

Question 45

Adenoviridae

Answer 45

Mastadenovirus Common cold Resp infection in humans Tumors in animals Dbl stranded dna Noneveloped

Question 46

Poxviridae

Answer 46

Small pox Cow pox Dbl stranded dna Enveloped Transcriptase Host cytoplasm Skin lesions

Question 47

Papoviridae

Answer 47

Cervical/anal cancer Dbl stranded dna non enveloped Papilloma virus warts Polyomas tumors Vacuolation cytoplasmic vacuoles Produce proteins that accelerate growth

Question 48

Herpesviridae

Answer 48

Dbl stranded dna Envelopes Hhv-1 and 2 simplexvirus cold sores Hhv-3 varicella virus chicken pox shingles Hhv-4 lymphocrytovirus mononucleosis Hhv-5 cytomegalovirus Hhv-6 &7 roseolovirus Hhv-8 rhadinovirus kaposi sarcoma

Question 49

Animal dna

Answer 49

Replicates inside of host cells nucleus Encode their own rna polymerase so virus genome can replicate when host cell isn’t

Question 50

Animal rna

Answer 50

Replicates in cytoplasm Requires viral rna polymerase(replicase) Rdrna

Question 51

Ssrna + sense strand

Answer 51

Viral rna serves as mRNA for protein synthesis

Question 52

Ssrna - antisense strand

Answer 52

RNA is transcribed to a + strand to serve as mRNA for protein synthesis

Question 53

Bacteriophage lysogenic cells are

Answer 53

Immune to reinfection by the same phage

Question 54

Phage conversion host cell may exhibit new properties

Answer 54

Toxin production in corynebacterium diphtheriae