unit two social psych

Question 1

Attitudes

Answer 1

Positive or negative evaluations of objects that occur automatically

Question 2

Explicit attitude

Answer 2

Consciously held and deliberate evaluation

Question 3

Implicit attitude

Answer 3

Activated automatically from memory without conscious awareness

Question 4

Dual attitude

Answer 4

When implicit and explicit attitudes contradict each other

Question 5

Reference group

Answer 5

Group to which we orient ourselves and use its standards to judge ourselves and the world

Question 6

Mere exposure

Answer 6

Repeated exposure leading to positive attitudes

Question 7

Classical conditioning

Answer 7

Neutral stimulus paired with an object that evokes an attitude response

Question 8

Subliminal conditioning

Answer 8

Process of classical conditioning below the level of conscious awareness

Question 9

Operant conditioning

Answer 9

Shaping attitudes through reinforcement and punishment

Question 10

Nonverbal behavior

Answer 10

Facial feedback effect, body posture, and motion shaping attitudes

Question 11

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 11

Discomfort caused when behavior is inconsistent with attitudes

Question 12

Insufficient justification

Answer 12

Weak reason for behaving inconsistently

Question 13

Freedom of choice

Answer 13

Inconsistent behavior was freely chosen

Question 14

Justification of effort

Answer 14

Costly choice that turns out to be wrong

Question 15

Immoral behavior

Answer 15

Motivation to appear moral while avoiding the cost of being moral

Question 16

Post-decision dissonance

Answer 16

Interpreting information to assure ourselves that we chose correctly

Question 17

Self-perception theory

Answer 17

infer attitudes from behavior, especially when attitudes are weak and behavior is freely chosen

Question 18

Persuasion

Answer 18

Consciously attempting to change attitudes through message transmission

Question 19

Elaboration-likelihood model

Answer 19

Predicts when a person will carefully consider a message or rely on less effortful thinking

Question 20

Central route to persuasion

Answer 20

When people are motivated and able to attend carefully to a message

Question 21

Peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 21

When people are unwilling or unable to analyze message content, relying on heuristics or irrelevant cues

Question 22

Persuader credibility

Answer 22

Affects persuasion, sleeper effect from low-credibility sources- delayed effectiveness of the message

Question 23

Feelings-as-information approach

Answer 23

Positive mood signals that things are fine, making us more susceptible to persuasion

Question 24

Hedonic-contingency view

Answer 24

Greater elaboration when the message is uplifting or doesn’t threaten positive mood

Question 25

Fear appeals

Answer 25

Effective when providing clear actions to avoid the feared outcome

Question 26

Humor

Answer 26

Relevant humor increases elaboration of the message

Question 27

Inoculation

Answer 27

Presenting weak versions of counterarguments to strengthen resistance

Question 28

Social influence

Answer 28

Exercise of social power to change attitudes or behavior of others

Question 29

Conformity

Answer 29

Yielding to group pressure by copying behavior and beliefs of others- sherif w/ ambiguous reality ashe with confederates

Question 30

Compliance

Answer 30

Publicly acting in accord with a direct request external- acting in accord but not agreeing in private internal- both acting and agreeing

Question 31

Obedience

Answer 31

Performance of an action in response to a direct order, milligan

Question 32

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 32

Belief that others interpret a situation in a given way, even when they do not

Question 33

Normative social influence

Answer 33

Conforming to gain rewards or avoid punishments

Question 34

Informational social influence

Answer 34

Looking to others for accurate information

Question 35

Norm of reciprocity

Answer 35

Expectation to return a favor or good deed

Question 36

Foot-in-the-door

Answer 36

Securing compliance with a small request followed by a larger one

Question 37

Door-in-the-face

Answer 37

Making a large request followed by a less costly one

Question 38

That's-not-all

Answer 38

Making a large request and immediately following with a discount or bonus

Question 39

Low-balling

Answer 39

Securing agreement with a request by understating its true cost

Question 40

Group behavior

Answer 40

Several interdependent people with emotional ties and regular interaction

Question 41

Task-oriented groups

Answer 41

Joining to achieve certain goals that cannot be attained alone

Question 42

Socioemotional groups

Answer 42

Joining to satisfy affiliative motives for approval, belonging, etc.

Question 43

Group membership

Answer 43

Five phases: Investigation, socialization, maintenance, resocialization, remembrance

Question 44

Status systems

Answer 44

Reflect the distribution of power among group members

Question 45

Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing)

Answer 45

Identification with a group when it succeeds

Question 46

Cutting Off Reflected Failure (CORFing)

Answer 46

Psychological distancing from a group when it fails

Question 47

Social cohesiveness

Answer 47

As it increases, people think, feel, and act more like group members

Question 48

Social facilitation

Answer 48

Enhancement of dominant responses due to the presence of others, mere presence, evaluation apprehension, distraction conflict

Question 49

Social loafing

Answer 49

Reduction in individual output when efforts are pooled and cannot be individually judged

Question 50

Deindividuation

Answer 50

Lack of self-awareness that encourages conformity to group norms

Question 51

Group decision-making

Answer 51

Phases: orientation, discussion, decision, implementation

Question 52

Group polarization

Answer 52

Groups enhance or exaggerate initial opinions of members

Question 53

Groupthink

Answer 53

Deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment in a group

Question 54

Task leadership

Answer 54

Accomplishing the goals of the group

Question 55

Socio-emotional leadership

Answer 55

Attention to emotional and interpersonal aspects of group interaction

Question 56

Flexible leadership style

Answer 56

Knowing when to be task-oriented and when to be emotionally supportive

Question 57

Contingency model of leadership

Answer 57

Leadership effectiveness depends on task-oriented or relationship-oriented style and situational control

Question 58

Authoritarian leader

Answer 58

Dictates group policies and controls all activities without meaningful participation