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psyc 2330 > unit one social psych > Flashcards

unit one social psych Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

not just common sense, study of how social reality is created and recreated

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2
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

Expectations lead to fulfillment of those expectations

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3
Q

Psychological Social Psychology

A

Focus on individuals and how they respond to social stimuli

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4
Q

Sociological Social Psychology

A

Focus on larger groups and societal variables

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5
Q

the self

A

shaped by and shapes the social environment

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6
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Tendency to take credit for positive outcomes but deny responsibility for negative outcomes

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7
Q

Interactionism

A

Behavior is influenced by both personal and situational factors

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8
Q

Hot Cognitive Processes

A

Impulsive, automatic, and desire-fulfilling behavior

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9
Q

Cold Cognitive Processes

A

Calculated, planned, and deliberate behavior

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10
Q

Dual Process Theory (parallel processing system)

A

Two modes of information processing: effortful and reflective thinking, and minimal cognitive behavior

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11
Q

Explicit Cognition

A

Deliberate judgments

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12
Q

Implicit Cognition

A

Automatically activated evaluations occurring without conscious awareness

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13
Q

Culture

A

Shapes social behavior; individualism and collectivism are two main cultural worldviews

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14
Q

Evolution

A

Shapes universal patterns of social behavior; behaviors can be shaped by inherited traits

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15
Q

Sex

A

Biological status of being female or male as assigned at birth

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16
Q

Gender

A

Meanings attached to being female or male in a cultural context

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17
Q

Brain Activity

A

Affects and is affected by social behavior; studied in social neuroscience

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18
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Studies ways to enrich human experience and maximize human functioning; study what makes people happy

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19
Q

Scientific Method

A

Set of procedures used to gather, analyze, and interpret information in a way that reduces error; is self-correcting, never has a final truth

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20
Q

Basic Research

A

Goal is to increase knowledge for the sake of gaining new knowledge

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21
Q

Applied Research

A

Goal is to increase solutions to real-world problems using current knowledge

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22
Q

Theory

A

Organized system of ideas that seeks to explain how two or more events are related

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23
Q

Hypothesis

A

Prediction about the nature of things based upon a theory; called an educated guess

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24
Q

Observational Research

A

Describes behavior without manipulating it

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25
Q

Correlational Research

A

Assesses relationships between naturally occurring variables

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26
Q

Experimental Research

A

Determines cause-effect relationships between variables

27
Q

Operational Definitions

A

Clear descriptions of how variables are measured or manipulated

28
Q

Informed Consent

A

Procedure by which people freely choose to participate in a study after being told about the activities

29
Q

Debriefing

A

Procedure at the conclusion of a research session where participants are given full information about the study

30
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Summarize and describe a sample’s behavior or characteristics

31
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Estimate likelihood of finding the same effect if the entire population was studied

32
Q

Observational Research

A

Describes behavior in its natural environment w/o manipulation; three forms- naturalistic observation, participant observation, and archival research

33
Q

Correlation research

A

Describes direction and strength of the relationship between two variables, surveys used to determine correlation, correlation does not equal causation

34
Q

Experimental Research

A

Determines cause-effect relationships by manipulating variables in a controlled environment

35
Q

Self-Concept

A

Sum total of a person’s thoughts and feelings that define the self as an object

36
Q

Self-Awareness

A

Psychological state in which attention is focused on the self
private- awareness of hidden or private values
public- awareness of public self aspects

37
Q

self-conciousness

A

the habitual tendency to engage in self-awareness

38
Q

Self-Regulation

A

Process of controlling and directing one’s own actions (self’s most important function)

39
Q

social identities

A

aspects of a person’s self-concept based on his or her group memberships

40
Q

Self-Presentation

A

Process of constructing and presenting the self to others in order to achieve goals

41
Q

Self-Handicapping

A

Placing obstacles in the way of one’s own performance to protect or enhance the self-concept

42
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Evaluation of one’s self-concept

43
Q

Automatic Thinking

A

Quick, unconscious mental processes that help make sense of social information

44
Q

Categorization

A

Process of grouping similar experiences to generalize, helps to deal with large amounts of information

45
Q

prototype

A

a “typical” member of the category

46
Q

Schema

A

Organized structure of knowledge about a stimulus or a theory about how the social world operates

47
Q

Script

A

organized structure of knowledge about a stimulus, theory about how the social world operates, affect what we notice and remember

48
Q

Priming

A

Process by which recent exposure to certain stimuli makes certain memories, categories, or schemas more accessible

49
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts that allow for quick social judgments

50
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Judging category membership based on how closely someone matches the prototype

51
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judging frequency or probability based on how easily examples come to mind

52
Q

Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

A

Over-relying on an initial anchor point when estimating an unknown quantity

53
Q

Deliberate Thinking

A

Thoughtful, conscious mental processes that help make sense of past events

54
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency to overestimate our ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events

55
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A

Evaluating events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes; helps to deal with negative unexpected events

56
Q

Person Perception

A

Process of trying to detect other people’s temporary states, nonverbal behavior shapes our impressions of others

57
Q

Implicit Personality Theories

A

Schemas about how personality traits fit together

58
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to seek information that confirms our beliefs and ignore disconfirming information

59
Q

Attribution

A

Inference about the cause of a behavior or event

60
Q

Covariation Model

A

Attributions based on consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness of behavior

61
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to underestimate the role of the situation and overestimate the role of disposition in explaining behavior

62
Q

Actor-Observer Effect

A

Tendency to attribute own behavior to external causes and others’ behavior to internal causes

63
Q

Pessimistic Explanatory Style

A

Habitual tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes

64
Q

Optimistic Explanatory Style

A

Habitual tendency to attribute negative events to external, unstable, and specific causes

psyc 2330 (4 decks)

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