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AP Bio > Unit Two: Cell Structure and Function- essential knowledge > Flashcards

Unit Two: Cell Structure and Function- essential knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

comprise ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and synthesize proteins based on mRNA sequences

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2
Q

Where are ribosomes found and what does this indicate

A

all forms of life reflecting common ancestory

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3
Q

How does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appear and what are its general functions

A

rough (membrane-bound ribosomes)- compartmentalizes cell
smooth- detoxification and lipid synthesis

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4
Q

How does the Golgi complex appear and what is its general function

A

flattened membrane sacs- folding of polypeptide chains and protein trafficing

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5
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria

A

double membraned (outer smooth, inner convoluted with folds)

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6
Q

What are lysosomes

A

membrane-enclosed sacs with hydrolytic enzymes

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7
Q

What are vacuole

A

membrane-bound sac with varying roles

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8
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts and their functions

A

double outer membrane
used for photosynthesis processes

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9
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do

A

provide mechanical support, carries out protein synthesis on, and intracellular transport

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10
Q

what does the mitochondrial double membrane do

A

provides compartments for different metabolic reactions

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11
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

with hydrolytic enzymes; intracellular digestion, recycling of organic matter, and apoptosis

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12
Q

What do vacuoles do

A

storage and release of macromolecules and cellular waste, water retention

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12
Q

Why does the inner cellular membrane fold

A

increases surface area allow more ATP synthesized

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13
Q

How are the thylakoids organized

A

into stacks called grana

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13
Q

What within chloroplast allows for energy usage

A

thylakoids and stroma

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14
Q

Where and what is the stroma

A

fluid within the inner chloroplast membrane and outside the thylakoid

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15
Q

Where does the Calvin-Benson cycle occur and what does it do

A

occurs in the stroma for photosynthesis

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16
Q

Where does the Kerbs Cycle occur and what does it do?

A

occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle

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17
Q

Where does electron transport and ATP synthesis occur

A

occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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18
Q

What do surface area-to-volume ratios affect

A

ability of biological systems to obtain necessary resources, eliminate waste products, acquire or dissipate thermal energy, and exchange chemicals and energy with the environment

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19
Q

Equation for the volume of a sphere

A

V=(4/3)πr^3Equa

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20
Q

equation for the volume of a cube

A

V=s^2

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21
Q

Equation for the volume of a rectangular solid

A

V=lwh

22
Q

Equation for the volume of a cylinder

A

V=πr^2h

23
Q

Equations for the surface area of a sphere

A

SA=4πr^2

24
Q

Equation for the surface area of a cube

A

SA=6s^2

25
Q

Equation for the surface area of a rectangular solid

A

SA= 2lh+2lw+2wh

26
Q

Equations for the surface area of a cylinder

A

SA= 2πrh+2πr^2

27
Q

What is true about smaller cells

A

surface area-to-volume ratio is high with effective exchange of materials with the enviroment

28
Q

What happens with volume increases

A

surface area decreases, demand for internal resources increases, and environment-cell exchange decreases

29
Q

What is necessary for cell structures to exchange materials

A

complex structures (i.e membrane folds)

30
Q

What two regions does a phospholipid have and what are their orrientation

A

hydrophilic- toward aqueous external/internal environment
hydrophobic- toward each other within inner membrane

31
Q

What can proteins be

A

hydrophilic- charged, polar side groups
hydrophobic- non-polar side groups

32
Q

What do cell membranes contain

A

phospholipids, proteins, steroids, glycoproteins, glycolpids

33
Q

What does the cell membrane structure result in as described by what model

A

selective permeability, fluid mosaic model

34
Q

What do cell membranes do

A

separate internal and external environments

35
Q

What can pass through the membrane freely

A

N2, O2, and CO2

36
Q

What can pass through the membrane with embedded channels and transport protiens

A

hydrophilic substances, large polar molecules, and ions

37
Q

How does H2O pass through the membrane

A

in small amounts

38
Q

What do cell walls provided

A

structural boundaries and permeability barrier

39
Q

What are cell walls composed of

A

complex carbohdrates

40
Q

What does passive transport do

A

import of materials and waste export

41
Q

What does active transport require and what does it do

A

direct energy input for the movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentrations

42
Q

What does selective permeability allow for

A

formation of concentration gradients of solutes across the membrane

43
Q

What do the endocytosis and exocytosis process require

A

energy

44
Q

What is the exocytosis process

A

internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecule out of the cell

45
Q

What is the endocytosis process

A

cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles

46
Q

Where does large water quantities pass through

A

aquaporins

47
Q

Where do charged ions (i.e Na+ and K+) pass through

A

through membrane with channel proteins

48
Q

How does water move

A

with osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/low solute to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute

49
Q

Equation for the water potential

A

Ψ = ΨS + ΨP

50
Q

how is growth and homeostasis maintained

A

constant movement of molecules across membranes

51
Q

What does osmoregulation do

A

maintain water balance and allows organisms to control their internal solute composition/water potential

52
Q

Equation for the solute potential of a solutions

A

ΨS=-iC[0.0831 (Lbars)/(molK)]T

53
Q

What do membranes and membrane-bound organelles do in eukaryotic cells

A

compartmentalize intracellular metabolic processes and specific enzymatic reactions

54
Q

How do internal membranes facilitate cellular processes

A

minimizing competing interactions and increasing surface area in reaction areas

55
Q

Where did membrane-bound organelles evolve from

A

free-living prokaryotic cells via endosymbosis

AP Bio (8 decks)

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