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AP Bio > Unit Six: Gene Expression and Regulation- essential knowledge > Flashcards

Unit Six: Gene Expression and Regulation- essential knowledge Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the primary sources for heritable information

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

How is genetic information stored and carried through generations

A

DNA and RNA molecules

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3
Q

What type of chromosomes do prokaryotic organisms have vs eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic- circular
eukaryotic- linear multiples

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4
Q

What are plasmids

A

small extra-chromosomal double-stranded circular DNA molecules

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5
Q

What are the nucleotide base pairings

A

adenine-thymine/uracil
cytosine-guanine

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6
Q

What nucleotides are purines and what is their structure vs pyrimidines

A

purines- adenine and guanine, double-ring structure
pyrimidines- cytosine, thymine, uracil, single ring structure

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7
Q

Which way is DNA synthesized

A

5’ to 3’

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8
Q

Replication is what type of process, what does this mean

A

semiconservative, one strand of DNA serves as the template for the new complementary strand

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9
Q

What unwinds the DNA strand

A

helicase

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10
Q

What do topoisomerase do

A

relae supercoiling in front of replication fork

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11
Q

What does the DNA polymerase need to activate

A

RNA primers

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12
Q

What does the DNA polymerase do

A

synthesizes new DNA stand continuously on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand

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13
Q

What joins the lagging strand fragments

A

ligase

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14
Q

What do mRNA molecules do

A

carry information from DNA to ribosomes

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15
Q

How is the peptide sequence formed

A

tRNA binds to specific amino acids with anti-codon sequences on mRNA

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16
Q

What is rRNA

A

functional building clocks of ribosomes

17
Q

What is the flow from genetic material to protien

A

genetic information in DNA to base sequences in mRNA, to sequences of amino acids for protein folding

18
Q

What can the template DNA strand also be called

A

noncoding strand, minus strand, antisense strand

19
Q

Which direction does the RNA polymerase synthesize mRNA

A

5’ to 3’ reading DNA 3’ to 5’

20
Q

What are the eukaryotic mRNA modifications

A

addition of polt-A tail, addition of GTP cap, excision of introns and splicing/retention of exons

21
Q

What are the translation sequential steps

A

initiation, elongation, termination

22
Q

What are the salient fetures of translation

A

initiation with rRNA interaction with mRNA, mRNA is read in triplets called codons, each codon codes a specific amino acid, tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct codon, amino acids are transferred into grouping polypeptide chain, the process continues until stop codon releasing polypeptide chain

23
Q

How does viral RNA incorporate into host DNA

A

reverse transcriptase

24
Q

What are regulatory sequences

A

stretches of DNA that interact with regulatory proteins to control transcription

25
Q

How do epigenetic changes affect gene expression

A

through reversible modification of DNA or histones

26
Q

How are groups of genes coordinately regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes- operons transcribed into single mRNA (i.e lac operon)
eukaryotes- same transcription factor influence

27
Q

What are promoters

A

DNA sequences upstream of the transcription site

28
Q

How do negative regulatory molecules work

A

inhibit gene expression by binding DNA and blocking transcription

29
Q

What results from gene regulation

A

differential gene expression and influences cell products and function

30
Q

How are new phenotypes created

A

disruptions in genes and gene products

31
Q

How do mutations occur

A

alterations in DNA sequence resulting in protein production changes (i.e too much, not enough, damaged protein)

32
Q

What is electrophoresis

A

separates molecules according to size and charge

33
Q

What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

DNA fragments are amplified

34
Q

What is bacterial transformation

A

introduction of DNA into bacterial cells

AP Bio (8 decks)

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