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AP Bio > Unit Seven: Natural Selection- essential knowledge > Flashcards

Unit Seven: Natural Selection- essential knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What is natural selection

A

mechanism of evolution

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2
Q

How is evolutionary fitness measured

A

reproductive success

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3
Q

What does natural selection act on

A

phenotypic variations in poopulations

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4
Q

How does environmental change impact populations

A

applying selective pressures

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5
Q

How do humans affect variation in other species

A

artificial selection

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6
Q

When does convergent evolution occur

A

when similar selective pressures result in similar phenotypic adaptions in different populations or species

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7
Q

By which random occurrences does evolution occur

A

mutations, genetic drift (bottlenecks and founder effect), migrations/gene flow

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8
Q

How can differences in populations of the same species increase

A

reduction of genetic variation

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9
Q

What is the flow of evolution through mutation

A

mutation to genetic variation to phenotypes to natural selection

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10
Q

When is the Hardy-Weinberg model used and what are the conditions

A

used for describing and predicting allele frequencies in a nonevolving population. condition: large population size, absence of migration no net mutations, random mating, absence of selection

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11
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation

A

p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1

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12
Q

What is evidence of evolution in a population

A

changes in allele frequencies

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13
Q

Which populations are most susceptible to random environmental impact

A

small populations

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14
Q

Where is evolution supported

A

geography, geology, physical, biochemical, mathematical data

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15
Q

How can fossils be dated

A

age of surrounding rocks, rate of carbon 1-4 decay, geographical data

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16
Q

What do morphological homologies represent

A

features shared by common ancestry

17
Q

What provides evidence for evolution and common ancestry

A

comparison of DNA nucleotide sequences and/or protein amino acid sequences

18
Q

What evidence supports the relatedness of organisms in all domains

A

structural and functional evidence

19
Q

What structural evidence indicates common ancestry in all eukaryotes

A

membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, genes with introns

20
Q

What continuous evolutionary support is there within populations

A

genomic changes over time, continuous changes in the fossil record, resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, chemo drugs, development of pathogens

21
Q

What do phylogenetic trees and cladograms model

A

phylogenetic trees- relationship between lineages, amount of change over time
cladograms- relationship between lineages

22
Q

How are phylogenetic trees and cladograms created

A

analyzing loss or gain of genetic traits within a species population

23
Q

Which type of data is best for phylogenetic trees and cladograms

A

molecular data

24
Q

What can phylogenetic trees and cladograms show

A

speciation

25
Q

Where can phylogenetic trees and cladograms be constructed from

A

morphological similarities of living or fossil species in DNA or protein sequences

26
Q

What do phylogenetic trees and cladograms represent

A

constantly revised hypotheses

27
Q

When does speciation occur

A

two populations become reproductively isolated from eachouther

28
Q

What are species

A

a group capable of interbreeding and exchanging genetic information to produce viable, fertile offspring

29
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium versus gradualism

A

punctuated equilibrium- rapid evolution after long stasis
gradualism- evolutions over hundreds thousands of years or more

30
Q

When does divergent evolution occur

A

new habitats results in phenotypic diversification

31
Q

What are the two forms of speciation

A

sympatric or allo patric

32
Q

what maintains reproductive isolation and prevent gene flow between populations

A

prezygotic and postzygotic mechanisms

33
Q

How can niches be affected by extinction

A

creates new spaces of explotation

34
Q

How does genetic diversity influence populations survavial

A

diversity increases ability to responded to environmental changes

35
Q

What is geological evidence for the origins of life

A

formed 4.6 billion years ago (bya) with hostile environmens until 3.9 bya with early fossils at 3.5 bya

AP Bio (8 decks)

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