Unit One: Chemistry of Life- essential knowledge

Question 1

What determines the properties of the molecule

Answer 1

subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequences

Question 2

What do living systems depend on

Answer 2

properties of water resulting from its polarity and hydrogen bonding

Question 3

What do the hydrogen bonds in water molecules result in

Answer 3

cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension

Question 4

What must organisms exchange to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization?

Answer 4

matter

Question 5

What atoms and molecules from the environment are necessary for to build new molecules

Answer 5

Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

Question 6

What is carbon used for

Answer 6

building biological molecules (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) + in storage compounds and cell formation

Question 7

What is nitrogen used for

Answer 7

building proteins and nucleic acids

Question 8

What is phosphorus used for

Answer 8

building nucleic acids and certain lipids

Question 9

What are hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis used for

Answer 9

cleaving and forming covalent bonds between monomers

Question 10

Where do the structure and function of polymers come from

Answer 10

the way their monomers are asssembled

Question 11

How are nucleic acids built and what is their structure composition

Answer 11

information is encoded in sequences of nucleotide monomers composed of a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil)

Question 12

How are proteins built and what is their structure composition

Answer 12

specific order of amino acids in polypeptide. amino acids have directionality with an amino (NH2) terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus. R group is categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic)

Question 13

How are complex carbohydrates built and what is their structure composition

Answer 13

sugar monomers

Question 14

How are lipids built and what is their structure composition

Answer 14

phospholipids have polar regions and non-polar, often hydrophobic regions

Question 15

What influences the structure and function of polymers

Answer 15

directionality of subcomponents

Question 16

What are the influences of nucleic acids

Answer 16

linear sequence of nucleotides and ends defined by the 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphates of the sugar

Question 17

What are the influences of DNA

Answer 17

antiparallel double helix, strands running opposite 5’ to 3’, adenine nucleotides pair with thymine nucleotides via two hydrogen bonds, cytosine nucleotides pair with guanine nucleotides via three hydrogen bonds

Question 18

What are the influences of porteins

Answer 18

linear chains of amino acids connected with covalent bonds at carboxyl terminus of peptide chain

Question 19

What are the influences of carbohydrates

Answer 19

linear chains of sugar monomers connected with covalent bonds

Question 20

What are the basic structural differences of DNA and RNA

Answer 20

DNA- deoxyribose sugar, thymine nucleotide, double stranded
RNA- ribose sugar, uracil nucleotide, single-stranded