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geography: migration > unit two: causes, consequences and management of international economic migration > Flashcards

unit two: causes, consequences and management of international economic migration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an international economic migrant?

A

a person who moves voluntarily from one country to another to improve their standard of living

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2
Q

what are 3 countries that have a net immigration (imm > em)?

A
  • usa
  • uk
  • uae
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3
Q

what are 3 countries that have net emigration (em > imm)?

A
  • bangladesh
  • mexico
  • morocco
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4
Q

what are some push factors that attract people to wealthier countries?

A
  • natural disasters
  • lack of jobs
  • lack of healthcare
  • war/civil conflicts
  • crime rates
  • political corruption
  • lack of education
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5
Q

what are some pull factors that attract people to wealthier countries?

A
  • better access to jobs
  • better healthcare
  • crime rates
  • weather
  • better pay
  • better healthcare and education
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6
Q

what does diaspora mean?

A

the movement and spreading of a large number of people from one part of the world to another. in doing so, they transfer their culture with them and establish a new cultural community

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7
Q

how big was the british empire in the early 1900s?

A

25% of the world’s land surface

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8
Q

how many countries are part of the commonwealth?

A

52

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9
Q

what was the british nationality act 1948?

A

gave members of the commonwealth countries to migrate to the uk and vice versa

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10
Q

what was the first commonwealth diaspora?

A

hms windrush, from the caribbean in 1948 with 492 passengers

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11
Q

how did commonwealth connections lead to a diaspora of diverse communities in birmingham?

A
  • minority majority city
  • first wave came from military connections
  • thought it would be short-term migration > could build up and save money
  • hearing about the opportunities
  • environmental push factors
  • people were encouraged to move to birmingham
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12
Q

in 2021, which nationality made up the largest migrant population in the uk?

A

india continued to be the most non-uk birth with polish being the most common non-british nationality

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13
Q

in june 2021, how many non-british born and non-population birth in the uk?

A

non-british born = 9.6 million and non-population british = 6 million

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14
Q

how many people with eastern europe origin are living in the uk?

A

1 million

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15
Q

when did the a8 countries join the eu and which countries were these?

A

2004 - czech republic, estonia, hungary, lithuania, latvia, poland, slovakia and slovenia

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16
Q

between 2004 and 2007, how many economic migrants moved to the uk from eastern europe and how many of these were from poland?

A

800,000 with 500,000 being from poland

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17
Q

what are the historical links between the uk and poland?

A
  • 16th century polish protestants = study doctrine and tactics of post-reformation church
  • 1867 = first polish channel and centre were established in london
  • end of 19th century = 3 main centres (london, manchester and lancashire) established
  • number of polish migrants severely dropped post WW1 in britain
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18
Q

what were the main occupational groups of polish workers in the uk (2016)?

A

high number of elementary occupations and process, plant and machine operatives. these are typically not skilled and account for a combined 48% of total polish employment

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19
Q

how many polish migrants were aged 18-44 in 2004?

A

92%

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20
Q

where are 5 places in the uk that polish workers have moved to?

A
  • london
  • birmingham
  • herefordshire
  • manchester
  • norfolk
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21
Q

what are the social/cultural positive impacts of polish migration to the uk for uk?

A
  • creates a diverse community because cultures mix
  • brings a wide range of skills
  • 80% of migrants are between 18-35, offsetting the uk’s ageing population
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22
Q

what are the social/cultural negative impacts of polish migration to the uk for uk?

A
  • put pressure on housing, education and healthcare
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23
Q

what are the economic positive impacts of polish migration to the uk for uk?

A
  • contributes to economic growth by an estimated £2.5 billion every year
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24
Q

what are the economic negative impacts of polish migration to the uk for uk?

A
  • getting a job is competitive
  • more people in low skilled and low paying jobs
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25
Q

what are the environmental negative impacts of polish migration to the uk for uk?

A
  • greenhouse gas emissions will increase
  • less green space (used for housing)
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26
Q

what are the political positive impacts of polish migration to the uk for uk?

A
  • change minds about other cultures
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27
Q

what are the political negative impacts of polish migration to the uk for uk?

A
  • tensions between local communities and polish migrants
28
Q

what are the social/cultural positive impacts of polish migration to the uk for poland?

A
  • easier for women to get jobs
  • more space in schools
29
Q

what are the social/cultural negative impacts of polish migration to the uk for poland?

A
  • “youth drain”/”brain drain”
30
Q

what are the economic positive impacts of polish migration to the uk for poland?

A
  • many poles send money home = £4 billion per year
  • some people come back with more skills
31
Q

what are the economic negative impacts of polish migration to the uk for poland?

A
  • loss of workers
  • lack of skilled labour = economic growth
32
Q

what are the political negative impacts of polish migration to the uk for poland?

A
  • politicians have to create schemes to encourage people to return
  • cant vote from abroad
33
Q

what are some push factors from poland?

A
  • unemployment was almost 20% in 2004
  • incomes were 4 times lower in poland than in the uk
34
Q

what are some pull factors to the uk?

A
  • desire to live life abroad
  • learn the english language
  • job vacancies in the uk (construction and farming)
  • average british wage is 3x polish wage
35
Q

why was the policy “powroty” established?

A

to help poles planning to return to poland

36
Q

how has brexit affected eastern european migration to the uk?

A
  • since 2017, 450,000 eastern europeans have left the uk
  • lower sectors of employment, with less skills have had the greatest losses
37
Q

why are so many eastern europeans choosing to leave the uk following brexit?

A
  • don’t want to be seen as invaders
  • don’t want to raise kids in that environment
  • tensions (making comments etc)
  • viewpoint of the poles stealing jobs
  • increased hate crime = bad mental health
  • poles became an easy target (white and christian)
  • some attacks
38
Q

what sectors of the economy are struggling to fill posts following brexit?

A

an average 10% loss of workers in agriculture, catering and hospitality and meat processes

39
Q

how did the covid pandemic add to the loss of workers from eastern europe?

A
  • when borders closed, people with seasonal jobs couldn’t come over
  • companies/businesses shut down = jobs lost
40
Q

how many people typically leave bangladesh each year to work abroad?

A

450,000

41
Q

what is the gender difference in lose who leave bangladesh?

A

more men leave then women (95% are men but this is decreasing because their are laws restricting the amount of men leaving)

42
Q

when and why did the movement from bangladesh to the middle east begin?

A

1971 and 1973 because of national independence and oil boom

43
Q

which year did migration from bangladesh to the middle east peak and what was the figure?

A

2008 > 875,000 migrant workers

44
Q

what percent of migrant workers go to the gulf states and elsewhere, from bangladesh?

A

gulf states - 59.1%
elsewhere - 40.9%

45
Q

apart from countries in the middle east, what other countries are important destinations for bangladeshi workers?

A

malaysia, usa, india, singapore and mauritus

46
Q

what are the skill level and types of employment of migrant bangladeshis?

A
  • 2/3 are less skilled or semi-skilled with very few professional
  • jobs in temporary labour in the oil industry
  • singapore to work in construction
  • women move to lebanon, jordan and maurituis to work domestically or as cleaners
47
Q

what are the economic push factors for bangladeshi migrants?

A
  • 50% of population live off of less that $1.25
48
Q

what are the economic pull factors for bangladeshi migrants?

A
  • 2016 > the gdp per capita in bangladesh was $3891 vs the uae being £61,873
  • more foreign jobs available
  • remittances can be sent home
49
Q

what are the environmental push factors for bangladeshi migrants?

A
  • densely peopled, flood prone delta
  • more frequent extreme natural disasters
50
Q

what are the social push factors for bangladeshi migrants?

A
  • densely populated states = poor living conditions and less houses
51
Q

what are the social pull factors for bangladeshi migrants?

A
  • more jobs available because there is an increase in demand for foreign labour
  • improve their standard of living, for income maximisation of which plays into the marriage and dowry system
52
Q

what are the cultural push factors for bangladeshi migrants?

A
  • more people = less jobs = cant act as a successful breadwinner
53
Q

what are the cultural pull factors for bangladeshi migrants?

A
  • can act as a successful breadwinner
  • religious value of going to saudi arabia
54
Q

what are the positive economic consequences for migration for bangladesh?

A

people working abroad may send money, which would help development

55
Q

what are the negative economic consequences for migration for bangladesh?

A

all the working age people are leaving = less people doing jobs in other countries

56
Q

what are the positive social consequences for migration for bangladesh?

A

the bureau of manpower, employment and training which helped people develop professional skills

57
Q

what are the negative social consequences for migration for bangladesh?

A
  • some people were exploited
  • more people had unskilled and low income jobs
58
Q

what was the “overseas employment and migrants act” in 2013?

A

migrant workers could lodge criminal cases for deception or fraud against recruiting agencies as well as employers

59
Q

how did the uae become a wealthy country?

A

in the 1960s, it became a wealthy oil exporting nation. since then, it has diversified its economy developing luxury tourist facilities

60
Q

how has the demographic changed in the uae?

A
  • the total population has increased significantly from around 800,000 in 1975 to over 8 million in 2010.
  • the amount of emirates has not increased rapidly, but the amount of non-emirates has increased significantly
61
Q

what is the gender ration for the uae and which age group had the most people?

A

2.2 males to every 1 female with a disproportionately high number of people aged between 20 and 49

62
Q

what is the kafala sponsorship system?

A

ties migrant workers to individual employers and severely restricts their rights. this could include making them liable to deportation

63
Q

how was the kafala system amended in 2010?

A

now allowed workers to change employers if their current employer fails to comply with “legal or contractual obligations”

64
Q

where do most international migrants move to the uk?

A
  • south of england, with majority going to london, probably for the capital and the opportunities
  • most are in big cities, like manchester, birmingham, liverpool etc
65
Q

what did the study in may 2010, by the east of england development agency show about the role of migration policy in relation to the future of the cambridge economy?

A
  • restrictions on international migration are seen as seriously unhelpful
  • current attempts to cap migration are not welcome
  • issuing of visas should be easier
  • the highly skilled are drawn to competitive and innovative places to better their career development
66
Q

what are the arguments for the uk limiting migration?

A
  • puts pressure on housing, healthcare and schools
  • more competitive for jobs
  • increased amount of greenhouse gas emissions
67
Q
A

geography: migration (4 decks)

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