unit four: causes, consequences and management of rural-urban migration in developing countries

Question 1

what are the push factors for rural-urban migration, as seen in vietnam (globalisation)?

Answer 1

• 12-14 hour working days
• labour-intensive jobs
• lack of opportunities to develop skills
• lack of services

Question 2

what are the pull factors for rural-urban migration, as seen in vietnam (globalisation)?

Answer 2

• good working environment
• opportunities to develop and progress to management positions
• 5x higher salary/wages
• good social opportunities
• training classes

Question 3

how is farm size and shortage of land a push factor?

Answer 3

• farms too small to support families
• bangladesh = under 1/2 a hectare per family (1 hectare recommended)
• large quantities of land are owned by wealthy people = shortage for poorer ones

Question 4

how is farming methods/farming improvements a push factor?

Answer 4

• rural communities can’t afford machinery or pesticides = over grazing and soil erosion = reduced yield
• mechanisation has led to a loss of jobs (in ecuador) = 50% decrease in workforce

Question 5

how is poor living conditions/lack of services and food poverty a push factor?

Answer 5

• dilapidated buildings and cramped living conditions
• poor quality infrastructure and limited access to electricity, running water and sewage draining systems
• government don’t invest in rural areas

Question 6

how are natural disasters a push factor?

Answer 6

• farming can be an insecure way of life
• river ganges floods annually, destroying infrastructure and crops

Question 7

how is employment conditions and wages a pull factor?

Answer 7

• greater range of employment opportunities
• secondary and tertiary jobs available = less labour intensive
• factory workers, on average, earn 3x as much as farmers

Question 8

how many people have migrated from rural to urban china since the 1980s?

Answer 8

240 million

Question 9

what has caused rural to urban migration in china?

Answer 9

• dramatic economic growth = global shift of manufacturing industry
• export orientated production of manufactured goods need to be located near ports

Question 10

how has china’s population distribution change?

Answer 10

• 82% of population growth between 2000-2010 was located on the east coast
• in shanghai, there is over 900 people per km2
• urban population is estimated to rise to 1 billion by 2050

Question 11

why has there been a huge population increase on the east coast of china?

Answer 11

more ports on the coast = increase of businesses/manufacturing = more opportunities = draws more people in

Question 12

what are 3 major locations that have had a huge population increase in china?

Answer 12

• foshan = 323,287 (1990) to 4,006,681 (2020)
• puning = 75,593 (1990) to 646,327 (2020)
• shenzhen = 875,176 (1990) to 6,480,340 (2020)